Algeria's current politics are influenced by its colonial period under the French to an extent not seen in other North African and Middle Eastern states. Indeed, Malika Rebai Maamri argues that Algeria's postcolonial history and politics are, in fact, a series of attempts to come to terms with the dire consequences of this colonial past. With over half a century having passed since independence, the country is still struggling to create a unified Algerian identity, and any discussion on the concept highlights how, all too frequently, the concept of identity can serve as a form of exclusion. Exploring a wide range of issues in Algerian society, such as the political, cultural social, economic and gender relations, Rebai Maamri shows how belonging and citizenship are produced and perceived. In doing so, she offers in-depth analysis of a country which is often side-lined in the study of the Middle East and North Africa, and yet is a vital component in the search for a post-colonial identity and state in the region.
Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2014 in the subject Politics - Region: Africa, , language: English, abstract: By mid-twentieth century, citizenship and democracy had become a grand narrative about cohesion within society as well as about representation and misrepresentation within the modern state. Building a national identity proceeds hand-in-hand with the tasks of building a legitimate state and democratic institutions. In Africa for instance, the issues of democracy and citizenship have come to the centre stage. Many post-independent African governments have attempted to construct and strengthen the national consciousness of their citizens. Such policy formed part of broader projects meant to develop and promote national identity and the ties that bind them to one another as well as emphasize the bonds between state and citizens. However the blurring of such issues as participation, civil society, nation-state, citizenship and democracy, robbed as it were, the public sphere of its ‘ideal’ status, particularly with regard to its potential as an integrative force in society. While pervasive poverty constitutes the main hindrance to democracy in some countries, in others, the democratic deficit rests on other considerations. Everyday experience of citizenship in post-colonial Algeria has revolved around a sense of what is lacking, the absence of entitlements, respect and dignity shattered by the French colonisers, a sense of longing for recognition, of being allowed to live with dignity, and of being treated as fully human. Integral to this process has been the development of a national identity out of the debris of colonialism. Today, state-society interaction in the country points towards both progressive and regressive democratisation. Drawing on ideas from Habermas, Putnam, Dahl and others, this paper aims to explore the dimensions of democratic citizenship in Algeria. On the one hand, it will look at the strategies used by the decision-makers to revigorate and activate democratic governance. On the other hand, it will attempt to answer such questions as: 1) what are the new diverging and conflicting notions of (democratic) citizenship that are articulated in the public spheres? 2) What has happened to the stock of “social capital” in the course of democratisation in Algeria? What must the country do for an enduring democracy?
Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2009 in the subject Literature - Comparative Literature, grade: P.H.D, , language: English, abstract: This doctoral thesis investigates ‘Otherness’ through works which have thoroughly examined and questioned the creation of a “stable self” by putting it in dialogue with its others and to society as a whole, namely William Butler Yeats’s selected poems, James Joyce’s Dubliners, (1914) Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, (1899) Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958), and Assia Djebar’s L’Amour, La Fantasia (1985). By representing the results of English, Belgian and French oppression in tangible material terms as well as its spiritual bankruptcies, these writers mark their works as clearly critical of the colonial regime and opposed to colonial exploitation, positioning themselves as postcolonial through their representations. In this sense, their texts raise issues debated in current postcolonial discussions. Speaking in the voice of the oppressed, in the language of the oppressor, as a weapon to make cultural difference visible, these writers analyse the problem of identity crisis, displacement, disintegration and the effects of colonialism on the culture and psyche of the colonised subject. Despite their differing conceptions of Irishness, both William Butler Yeats and James Joyce repudiated things English and helped to defend their history as well as regain pride in their race. The Other in these writers is presented not in terms of colour but conceived in relation to city/countryside, past/present, and Protestant/Catholic. The theoretical questions that haunted Chinua Achebe’s career as a writer were also prompted by the desire to re-orientate cultural discourse and initiate a discourse of resistance. In his commitment to questions relating to identity and the relationship of the individual and history, Achebe like the above-mentioned Irish writers contributed to the analysis of colonisation and the natives’ resistance to oppression both at the level of the individual and that of the nation. As another marginalised writer, Joseph Conrad anticipated Yeats’s prophecy in his 1921 poem, ‘The Second Coming,’ several years earlier with the publication of Heart of Darkness. Whereas Yeats saw the spiral shapes of history, Conrad saw the emptiness at the centre of civilisation and the atrocities at the margins. He showed the hollow morality at the centre of the imperialist enterprise, one that could not hold. He too wrote about the paralysis of modern society, the disruption of traditional society under the impact of intruding forces.
Algeria's current politics are influenced by its colonial period under the French to an extent not seen in other North African and Middle Eastern states. Indeed, Malika Rebai Maamri argues that Algeria's postcolonial history and politics are, in fact, a series of attempts to come to terms with the dire consequences of this colonial past. With over half a century having passed since independence, the country is still struggling to create a unified Algerian identity, and any discussion on the concept highlights how, all too frequently, the concept of identity can serve as a form of exclusion. Exploring a wide range of issues in Algerian society, such as the political, cultural social, economic and gender relations, Rebai Maamri shows how belonging and citizenship are produced and perceived. In doing so, she offers in-depth analysis of a country which is often side-lined in the study of the Middle East and North Africa, and yet is a vital component in the search for a post-colonial identity and state in the region.
Thesis (M.A.) from the year 1999 in the subject Literature - Comparative Literature, , language: English, abstract: Joseph Conrad – a Pole by birth – is a writer who has exercised a very potent influence on his generation, but his impact has expanded well beyond. He has inspired English, American, African and Polish novelists and poets. One of his staunch admirers was the young English novelist, Graham Greene (1904-1991). However if Conrad’s integrity as a writer with a strong moral sense won the attention of both the reading public and many reviewers, the positive response that welcomed Greene’s first published novel The Man Within (1929) almost died out with the novels that came next, The Name of Action (1930) and Rumour at Nightfall (1931). Greene himself attributed the failure of these novels to Conrad’s ‘too great and too disastrous influence.’ Although Greene recaptured some of that praise by the remarkable craftsmanship of Stamboul Train (1932), many critics contested any claim to Greene being a leading writer of his generation, hence excluded him from the literary arena for many years. Critics were reluctant to recognize Greene’s literary worth first because they believed that he was not exactly an original writer; second, because the inclusion of religious themes in his works, while it arrested the attention of some Catholic writers, disconcerted many others. In this comparative study of Conrad’s The Secret Agent and Greene’s It’s A Battlefield, and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Greene’s A Burnt-Out-Case, I shall attempt to investigate and elucidate what in Conrad exercised such power and fascination on Greene. The focus of interest is to try and find answers to these questions: has Greene’s vow ‘never again’ to read a novel by Conrad ‘which he kept for more than a quarter of a century’ been successful? Has Greene succeeded in writing off the ghost of Conrad? If not, do the borrowings from Conrad undermine Greene’s writings in any way? Such study should take into account what qualities have been absorbed, what have been transmuted, what rejected. Such analysis is necessary for an understanding and evaluation of Greene’s art, not only within the English literary tradition, but also within today’s world literature. Key Words: Joseph Conrad, Graham Greene, Realism, Modernism, Civilisation, Legacy, Influence, Intertextuality, Human Nature
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