Delineating the huge strides taken in cosmology in the past ten years, this much-anticipated second edition of Malcolm Longair's highly appreciated textbook has been extensively and thoroughly updated. It tells the story of modern astrophysical cosmology from the perspective of one of its most important and fundamental problems – how did the galaxies come about? Longair uses this approach to introduce the whole of what may be called "classical cosmology". What’s more, he describes how the study of the origin of galaxies and larger-scale structures in the Universe has provided us with direct information about the physics of the very early Universe.
This is a splendid book, providing a readable and reliable guide to a very large range of topics and literature... the author brings together, as few of us can, the details of research methodology and practice with broader philosophical perspectives and approaches." - William Outhwaite, Emeritus Professor, Newcastle University "We need researchers who are philosophically informed rather than philosophically obsessed or philosophically oppressed. With this book Malcolm Williams strikes the exact balance." - Ray Pawson, Emeritus Professor, University of Leeds This book is an ideal introduction for any student or social researcher hoping to better understand the philosophical issues that inform social research. Williams is the perfect guide providing short focused introductions to key concepts alongside a persuasive and engaging overview of how we interpret and conduct research. The book covers everything from core research methods, to ethical concerns and an exploration of the metaphysics of social life, with each entry providing: Clear definitions Engaging real world examples Up-do-date suggestions for further reading Informative cross-referencing Lists of key thinkers. Relevant and authoritative, this book is an indispensable introduction to the philosophy of social research.
Q&A Land Law offers a lifeline to students revising for exams. It provides clear guidance from experienced examiners on how best to tackle exam questions, and gives students the opportunity to practise their exam technique and assess their progress.
If you're feeling overwhelmed by a sea of revision, let OUP's Questions and Answers series keep you afloat Written by experienced examiners, the Q&As offer expert advice on what to expect from your exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Revision isn't always plain sailing, but the Q&As will allow you to approach your exams with confidence. Q&As will help you succeed by: - identifying typical law exam questions - giving you model answers for up to 50 essay and problem-based questions - demonstrating how to structure a good answer - helping you to avoid common mistakes - advising you on how to make your answer stand out from the crowd - teaching you how to use your existing knowledge to convey exactly what the examiner is looking for - directing you to related further reading
An actology—introduced by the first book in this series, Actology: Action, Change and Diversity in the Western Philosophical Tradition—understands reality as action in changing patterns. Actological Readings in Continental Philosophy reads a number of continental philosophers through this lens, and An Actology of the Given explores the concepts of the gift, givenness, and giving in the light of reality understood as action in changing patterns. Mark’s Gospel: An Actological Reading is what it says it is. This fifth book in the series, An Actological Metaphysic, is a more systematic treatment of cosmology and of such concepts as truth, knowledge, causality, time, space, life, and society, to see what happens when they are understood actologically: that is, with reality understood as action in changing patterns.
Delineating the huge strides taken in cosmology in the past ten years, this much-anticipated second edition of Malcolm Longair's highly appreciated textbook has been extensively and thoroughly updated. It tells the story of modern astrophysical cosmology from the perspective of one of its most important and fundamental problems – how did the galaxies come about? Longair uses this approach to introduce the whole of what may be called "classical cosmology". What’s more, he describes how the study of the origin of galaxies and larger-scale structures in the Universe has provided us with direct information about the physics of the very early Universe.
Multi-stakeholder governance is a fresh approach to the development of transnational public policy, bringing together governments, the private sector and civil society in partnership. The movement towards this new governance paradigm has been strongest in areas of public policy involving global networks of stakeholders, too intricate to be represented by governments alone. Nowhere is this better illustrated than on the Internet, where it is an inherent characteristic of the network that laws, and the behaviour to which those laws are directed, will cross national borders; resulting not only in conflicts between national regimes, but also running up against the technical and social architecture of the Internet itself. In this book, Jeremy Malcolm examines the new model of multi-stakeholder governance for the Internet regime that the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) represents. He builds a compelling case for the reform of the IGF to enable it to fulfil its mandate as an institution for multi-stakeholder Internet governance."--Provided by publisher.
Efforts to increase efficient nutrient use by crops are of growing importance as the global demand for food, fibre and fuel increases and competition for resources intensifies. The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops provides both a timely summary of the latest advances in the field as well as anticipating directions for future research. The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops bridges the gap between agronomic practice and molecular biology by linking underpinning molecular mechanisms to the physiological and agronomic aspects of crop yield. These chapters provide an understanding of molecular and physiological mechanisms that will allow researchers to continue to target and improve complex traits for crop improvement. Written by leading international researchers, The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops will be an essential resource for the crop science community for years to come. Special Features: coalesces current knowledge in the areas of efficient acquisition and utilization of nutrients by crop plants with emphasis on modern developments addresses future directions in crop nutrition in the light of changing climate patterns including temperature and water availability bridges the gap between traditional agronomy and molecular biology with focus on underpinning molecular mechanisms and their effects on crop yield includes contributions from a leading team of global experts in both research and practical settings
Harmonic maps and the related theory of minimal surfaces are variational problems of long standing in differential geometry. Many important advances have been made in understanding harmonic maps of Riemann surfaces into symmetric spaces. In particular, ""twistor methods"" construct some, and in certain cases all, such mappings from holomorphic data. These notes develop techniques applicable to more general homogeneous manifolds, in particular a very general twistor result is proved. When applied to flag manifolds, this wider viewpoint allows many of the previously unrelated twistor results for symmetric spaces to be brought into a unified framework. These methods also enable a classification of harmonic maps into full flag manifolds to be established, and new examples are constructed. The techniques used are mostly a blend of the theory of compact Lie groups and complex differential geometry. This book should be of interest to mathematicians with experience in differential geometry and to theoretical physicists.
Realism and Complexity in Social Science is an argument for a new approach to investigating the social world, that of complex realism. Complex realism brings together a number of strands of thought, in scientific realism, complexity science, probability theory and social research methodology. It proposes that the reality of the social world is that it is probabilistic, yet there exists enough invariance to make the discovery and explanation of social objects and causal mechanisms possible. This forms the basis for the development of a complex realist foundation for social research, that utilises a number of new and novel approaches to investigation, alongside the more traditional corpus of quantitative and qualitative methods. Research examples are drawn from research in sociology, epidemiology, criminology, social policy and human geography. The book assumes no prior knowledge of realism, probability or complexity and in the early chapters, the reader is introduced to these concepts and the arguments against them. Although the book is grounded in philosophical reasoning, this is in a direct and accessible style that will appeal both to social researchers with a methodological interest and philosophers with an interest in social investigation.
Social research is a bourgeoning field. Of course it has many traditions and approaches, but there is a high premium upon thinking differently and thinking anew because social life is never static or wholly predictable. The Handbook, edited by internationally recognized scholars, provides a comprehensive, pitch-perfect critical assessment of the field. The main features of the Handbook are: Clear organization into 4 parts dealing with The Social Context of Research; Design and Data Collection; Integrating The Analysis of New Data Types; Sampling, Inference and Measurement Clear, cutting edge chapters on Objectivity; Causation; Organizing Social Research; Correspondence Analysis; Grounded Theory; Conversational Surveys; Mixed Methods; Meta-Analysis; Optimal Matching Analysis; GIS Analysis; Quantitative Narrative Analysis; Longitudinal Studies; SEM; MLM; Qualitative Comparative Analysis; Respondent Driven Sampling Brings together a glittering assembly of the key figures working in the field of research methods Demonstrates the continuities and productive tensions between classical traditions and real world research. The result is a superbly organized text which will be required reading for anyone interested in the routes and future of social research. It is an unparalleled teaching resource and a 'must have' for serious social researchers.
This book is centered on the most pressing unsolved problem in elementary particle physics ? the mass generation of particles. It contains physics that is not included in the Standard Model as it is now formulated, while at the same time being in conformity with the major results of the Standard Model, i.e. isotopic spins and interactions. It differs from the Standard Model in the treatment of masses and pseudoscalar mesons, and in the role assigned to the coupling constant à. Presented in a careful and phenomenological way, the material can easily be followed by all physicists, both experimental and theoretical, and also by interested workers in other fields. The author's website ? 70mev.org ? gives additional information about the applications of the constant à in particle physics.
ABBREVIATED FOR THE COVER. Full synopsis has been copied over for use on the web. JT -------------------------- The importance of the use of gender-inclusive language in today's world is generally accepted, especially in the religious domain. In The Seduction of the Church, Doubles demonstrates, in a popular treatment free of technical jargon, how this important activity is being misused to redefine the Christian faith.
This book is centered on a surprising Tevatron and LHC experimental result, the accurate equality of gauge boson and top quark energy Ew + Ez = Et. The ramifications of this unanticipated result extend down to the lower energies, and lead to two new elementary particle paradigms. The first is the use of energies E rather than masses m for analysing particle excitation patterns, where E =mc2. The second is the recognition that ground-state particle energies are generated in the form of quantized energy packets that are produced in 'α-boost' energy excitations, where α-1 ~137 is the fine structure constant. Repeated α-boosts form a 'reservoir' of energy packets, which merge and reproduce the quantized energies of the various particle and quark ground-state configurations. An α-generated energy excitation path extends upward from the electron to the top quark t. The steps in this path, which contain two α-boosts, combine coherently to give the energy equation Eelectron x 18/α2 = Et, which is accurate to 0.3%. A branching energy path reproduces the energy of the bottom quark b to 0.1%.Particle energies and lifetimes are conjugate quantities, and the α-quantized particle energies are reflected in α-quantized particle mean lifetimes, as revealed by lifetime plots on a logarithmic α-spaced grid. The accurate factor-of-137 spacings between the classical electron radius, Compton radius, and Bohr orbit radius suggest introducing both a radial and a mass dependence into α, which leads to an equation for the transformation of Coulomb energy into electron non-electromagnetic mass. The electron spin and magnetic moment are reproduced by a Compton-sized relativistically spinning sphere (RSS). The anomalous electron magnetic moment is also accounted for by the RSS, in response to Richard Feynman's 1961 Challenge to provide such an explanation. The mathematics used here is straightforward, and the calculations are guided by fits to the elementary particle RPP energy and lifetime data bases, which are provided here in Appendices A and B.
Older people are, like younger people, citizens in the communities of the nations in which they live. This book sees ageing as a life journey that incorporates a process of citizening, in which people build their identity as part of their family and community. But the social experience of illness, frailty, disability and reaching the end of life may de-citizen older people by devaluing the social identity that comes from continuing social engagement. We de-citizen older people by emphasizing dependence on services and their cost to public expenditure instead of valuing the interdependence of participation and mutual respect. This book argues that older people retain full citizenship for the whole of their lives, up to the moment of death; but what does this mean for health and social care? In this groundbreaking book, Malcolm Payne argues that social work with older people must build re-citizening practice strategies to value both the common and the special aspects of the citizenship of older people. Current models of social care and social work create dependency, rather than relying on values of participative interdependence. The failure to recognize the end of life as a crucial element in all social care and social work for older people means that the lessons learned in providing palliative and end-of-life care in healthcare have not been transferred to social care, and the priorities of end-of-life care have not been adequately encompassed in social work with older people.
Full of tried and tested case material, examples and useful illustrations, this book considers the latest developments and covers all levels of financial management from the structure of the management of institutions right down to the course level and managing budgets.
Paracrine and autocrine regulation of cardiac function by "endothelial" mediators is becoming important both physiologically and pathophysiologically. This volume brings the researcher completely up to date with all aspects of endothelial regulation and cardiac function. Acknowledged experts in each field have contributed, making this work indispensable for researchers and of great interest to the clinical cardiologist. The Endothelial Cell Research Series publishes significant reviews by experts in the field. The individual volumes provide invaluable guides to researchers studying endothelial cells and are effective reference texts for anyone working in the general areas of vascular biology and neurotransmission. Endothelium was originally considered to be an inert lining for the blood vessels, but during the last fifteen years, this view has had to be completely revised. It is now accepted that the endothelium plays an important role in many diverse functions. This volume concentrates on the effect of the endothelium on cardiac function. It has been widely demonstrated that the endothelium exerts a paracrine influence on contraction of adjacent cardiac muscle through the release of several mediators, such as endothelin and nitric oxide. Recent studies also show that the effects of such mediators upon the heart are not limited to contraction alone.
Utilities Reform in 21st Century Australia: Providing the Essentials traces the development and consequences of the economic reform measures undertaken in the utilities sector in Australia (communications, energy, water/wastewater services, and transport) in the last years of the 20th century, and early decades of the 21st century. In doing so, it looks at the process of reform across industries, and across the state and federal jurisdictions, to identify what motivations the various governments had for pursing reform, how change varied across jurisdictions, and what issues arose in the process. Although by the mid-1990s all states and territories and the Australian Government were committed to reforming utilities as part of the National Competition Policy, not all pursued this reform with the same degree of speed and breadth of action. The broad trends of economic reform in Australia, and abroad, are also touched upon, to provide an outline of the wider context in which the reform of the utilities occurred. This book, therefore, explores the relationship between politics and society on the one hand and economic reform on the other; as well on as the efforts of governments in Australia to promote economic growth and the wealth of Australians in an increasingly complex and challenging global economic climate.
Get the best grades with My Revision Notes: AQA AS Business Studies; manage your own revision with step-by-step support from senior examiner Malcolm Surridge and use specific case studies to improve your knowledge of businesses processes and topics. Get the top marks by applying business terms accurately with the help of definitions and key words and improve your skills to tackle specific exam questions such as data-response with the help of self-testing and exam-style questions and answers. My Revision Notes will help you prepare for the big day: plan and pace your revision with My Revision Planner; use the concise notes to revise the essential information; use the examiner's tips and summaries to clarify key points; avoid making typical mistakes with expert advice; test yourself with end-of-topic questions and answers and tick off each topic as you complete it; practise your exam skills on exam questions then check your answers online and get exam-ready with last-minute quick quizzes at www.therevisionbutton.co.uk/myrevisionnotes.
In a sophisticated and far-reaching blend of theory and reflection, Thinking the Twenty-First Century takes a provocative look at the changes required to build a new global political economy. McIntosh charts five system changes essential to this transition: globality and Earth awareness; the rebalancing of science and awe; peacefulness and the feminization of decision-making; the re-organization of our institutions; and, evolution, adaptation and learning. That they are all connected should be obvious, but that they are written about together is less common.McIntosh argues that these five changes are already under way and need to be accelerated. Combining science, philosophy, politics and economics, Thinking the Twenty-First Century questions our current model of capitalism and calls for a much-needed new order. This forceful call to action advocates a balanced political economy with trandisciplinarity, connectivity, accountability and transparency at its centre, as an alternative to a world built on the failing system of neoliberal economics.From one of the pioneers of the global corporate sustainability and social responsibility movement, this unique book combines analysis, diary and reflection to present a radical way forward for the twenty-first century.
As adults, we are all continually involved in learning, with increasing numbers of us engaged in more formalized forms of learning; that is, in education or training. All those involved in the broad field of adult education and training will come into contact with many specialist ideas or concepts. It is often assumed of students that they already have a general understanding of these concepts, their meanings, applicability and inter-relationships. This is not always the case. This book examines in detail over forty of these key concepts, ranging from community education and experiential learning to competence and access. It presents a clear, analytical discussion in jargon-free language. It is, therefore, indispensable to all students and practitioners of adult education and training.
The Taxation of Small Businesses 2022-23 is a practical guide to all aspects of direct taxation of small businesses in one volume. It is ideal for sole practitioners and small partnerships, but will be a handy reference guide for all tax advisers. The book aims to give a clear explanation of the relevant legislation and practical advice on ways of minimising clients’ tax liabilities and warning against common pitfalls. The fourteenth edition has been updated to incorporate changes as a result of the Finance Act 2022.
The Taxation of Small Businesses 2023-24 is a practical guide to all aspects of direct taxation of small businesses in one volume. It is ideal for sole practitioners and small partnerships, but will be a handy reference guide for all tax advisers. The book aims to give a clear explanation of the relevant legislation and practical advice on ways of minimising clients’ tax liabilities and warning against common pitfalls. The sixteenth edition has been updated to incorporate changes as a result of the Finance Act 2023. Contents List of abbreviations Chapter 1. Income Tax Computation 1.1. Aggregation of Taxpayer’s Income 1.2. Interest 1.3. Limit on Deductions from Adjusted Net Income 1.4. Payments to Charities 1.5. Personal Allowances Deducted from Net Income 1.6. Computation of Tax 1.7. Tax Reducers 1.8. Tax Retained on Interest, Royalties and Gift Aid donations 1.9. Comprehensive Example 1.10. Death and Separation 1.11. Married Couples – Joint Property 1.12. Minor Children 1.13. High Income Child Benefit Charge Chapter 2. Taxation of Trading Income 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Statutory Definitions of Trading 2.3. Statutory Trades 2.4. Case Law 2.5. Gambling and Speculation 2.6. Illegal Activities 2.7. Individuals Trading in Shares 2.8. Definition of Trading – National Insurance 2.9. Mutual Trading 2.10. Election to Use Cash Basis 2.11. Capital and Revenue Receipts 2.12. Receipts not Received in Course of Trade 2.13. Other Receipts 2.14. Capital and Revenue Payments 2.15. Expenditure Incurred in the Course of a Trade 2.16. Duality of Purpose 2.17. Repairs and Maintenance 2.18. Replacement of Assets 2.19. Depreciation and Amortisation 2.20. Subscriptions and Donations 2.21. Sponsorship 2.22. Bad Debts 2.23. Provisions 2.24. Payments to Employees & Appropriations of Profit 2.25. Entertainment 2.26. Gifts to Customers and Samples 2.27. Gifts to Educational Establishments and Charities 2.28. Cost of Leasing Cars 2.29. Legal and Professional Fees 2.30. Fines and Payments Against the Public Interest 2.31. Interest and Bank Charges 2.32. Pre-trading Expenditure 2.33. Indirect Taxation 2.34. Compensation and ex gratia Payments to Former Employees 2.35. Redundancy Payments 2.36. Removal Expenses to New Business Premises 2.37. Premiums for Insurance 2.38. Payments to Employees for Restrictive Undertakings 2.39. Staff Training and Development 2.40. Counselling Courses in Connection with Termination of Employment 2.41. Payments to Secure Release from Unprofitable Contracts 2.42. Payments to Political Parties 2.43. Preservation of Goodwill 2.44. Payments on the Cessation of Trade 2.45. Post-cessation Expenditure 2.46. Rent 2.47. Lease Premium 2.48. Patents and Intellectual Property 2.49. Telephone 2.50. Business Rates and Council Tax 2.51. Security Expenditure 2.52. Loan Guarantee Payments 2.53. Use of Home 2.54. Website Expenditure 2.55. Expenses Connected with Foreign Trades 2.56. Valuation of Stock 2.57. Overseas Aspects of Trading Chapter 3. Capital Allowances on Plant and Machinery 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Definition of Plant and Machinery 3.3. Assets Deemed to be Plant and Machinery 3.4. Definition of Expenditure 3.5. Date of Expenditure 3.6. Disposal of Assets 3.7. Allowances 3.8. Calculation of Capital Allowances 3.9. Short-life Assets 3.10. Cessations and Successions 3.11. Hire Purchase and Leasing 3.12. Fixtures 3.13. Disposal of Fixtures 3.14. Anti-avoidance Chapter 4. Other Allowances 4.1. Business Premises Renovation Allowance 4.2. Patents 4.3. Know-how Chapter 5. Basis Periods 5.1. Current Year Basis (CYB) 5.2. Opening Year Rules 5.3. Closing Year Rules 5.4. Tax Planning on Commencement 5.5. Tax Planning on Cessation 5.6. Change of Accounting Date 5.7. Period Less than 12 Months 5.8. Period More Than 12 Months 5.9. Two Accounting Dates in Tax Year 5.10. No Accounting Date in Tax Year 5.11. Transitional Overlap Relief 5.12. Changes in Size and Nature of Operations 5.13. Death of Trader 5.14. Mergers and Demergers 5.15. Date of Commencement and Cessation 5.16. Successions 5.17. Trader Becoming, or Ceasing to be, UK Resident Chapter 6. Trading Losses 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Offset Against Future Trading Income 6.3. Transfer of Business to a Company 6.4. Offset Against Total Income and Carry-back 6.5. Offset Against Capital Gains 6.6. Losses in the Early Years of Trading 6.7. Terminal Loss Relief 6.8. Tax Planning and Loss Relief 6.9. Restriction of Loss Relief 6.10. Late Claims Chapter 7. Property Income 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Basis of Assessment 7.3. Dilapidations 7.4. Lease Premiums 7.5. Sale with Right of Conveyance 7.6. Expenditure Deductible 7.7. Sea Walls 7.8. Mutual Business 7.9. Relief for Capital Expenditure 7.10. Losses 7.11. Furnished Holiday Lettings 7.12. Rent a Room Scheme Chapter 8. Employment and Self-employment 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Benefits of Self-employment 8.3. Definition of Employment and Self-employment 8.4. Tests for Employment 8.5. Workers Supplied by Agencies 8.6. Non-executive Directors 8.7. Self-employment or a Number of Separate Employments 8.8. Provision of Services Through an Intermediary – Income Tax 8.9. Managed Service Companies 8.10. National Insurance – Deemed Employment 8.11. National Insurance – Deemed Self-employment 8.12. National Insurance – Persons Deemed not to be Employed Chapter 9. Employment Income 9.1. Income Tax – Introduction, Charging Legislation and General Definitions 9.2. National Insurance Contributions – Charging Legislation and General Definitions 9.3. Income Tax and National Insurance – a Comparison 9.4. Time of Receipt 9.5. Cash Payments to Employees 9.6. Payments Arising by Reason of Employment 9.7. Payments on Termination of Employment or Variation of Employment Terms 9.8. Damages and Compensation Paid to Employee 9.9. Sick Pay and Sickness and Other Benefits 9.10. Commission, Cashbacks and Discounts 9.11. Tax-free Lump Sum Payments 9.12. Payment of Expenses to Third Parties on Behalf of Employee 9.13. Payments for Clothing 9.14. Directorships Held by Partners 9.15. Payment of Employee’s Tax by Employer 9.16. Income Tax – Deduction of Expenses 9.17. Reimbursement of Expenses 9.18. Qualifying Travel Expenses 9.19. Entertainment 9.20. Expenses Incurred by Homeworkers 9.21. Other Deductible Expenses 9.22. Payments and Benefits Exempt from Income Tax and Class 1 National Insurance Contributions Chapter 10. Benefits in Kind 10.1. Valuation of Benefits in Kind 10.2. Benefits – Definition of Cost 10.3. Lower-paid Employment 10.4. Benefits in Kind and National Insurance Contributions 10.5. Payment of Expenses by Employer 10.6. Gift of Assets to Employees 10.7. Cash Vouchers, Non-cash Vouchers and Credit Tokens 10.8. Payment Made to a Registered Pensions Scheme for the Benefit of Two or More People 10.9. Waiver of Loan 10.10. Job-related Accommodation 10.11. Assets Available for Private Use 10.12. Expenses Connected with Living Accommodation 10.13. Cars 10.14. Fuel for Private Use 10.15. Pool Cars and Vans 10.16. Vans and Heavier Commercial Vehicles 10.17. Emergency Vehicles 10.18. Beneficial Loans 10.19. Scholarships 10.20. Relocation Packages and Guaranteed Selling Price Schemes 10.21. Medical Treatment and Medical Insurance Chapter 11. National Insurance Contributions National Insurance Contributions and Employees 11.1. Earnings Period 11.2. Aggregation of Earnings 11.3. Rate of Class 1 National Insurance Contributions 11.4. Class 1A Contributions 11.5. Calculation of Contributions 11.6. Class 1A Charge Where Benefits Provided by Third Parties 11.7. Earners over Pensionable Age 11.8. Notional Payments of Class 1 Contributions 11.9. Annual Maximum Contributions National Insurance Contributions and the Self-Employed 11.10. Class 2 Contributions 11.11. Class 4 Contributions Chapter 12. Pensions 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Scope of Regime 12.3. Registration of Pension Schemes 12.4. Payments by Registered Pension Schemes 12.5. Pension Payments 12.6. Contributions 12.7. Purchase of Shares in Sponsoring Employer 12.8. Loans to Employers 12.9. Unauthorised Payments Charge Chapter 13. Capital Gains Tax 13.1. Scope of Capital Gains Tax (CGT) 13.2. Exemptions 13.3. Residence 13.4. Capital Losses 13.5. Offset of Trading and Other Losses against Capital Gains 13.6. Capital Gains Tax Rate 13.7. Disposal Consideration 13.8. Date of Disposal 13.9. Allowable Costs 13.10. Indexation Allowance 13.11. Taper Relief 13.12. Assets Owned at 31 March 1982 13.13. Married Couples and Civil Partners 13.14. Disposal to Connected Parties 13.15. Valuation of Assets 13.16. Negligible Value Claim 13.17. Value Shifting 13.18. Disposal by Way of Security 13.19. Hire Purchase Transactions 13.20. Appropriations to and from Trading Stock 13.21. Series of Transactions 13.22. Options 13.23. Debts 13.24. Compensation 13.25. Asset Derived from another Asset 13.26. Location of Assets 13.27. Chattels and Wasting Assets 13.28. Part Disposals 13.29. Leases 13.30. Loss or Destruction of Asset 13.31. Restoration of Assets 13.32. Replacement of Business Assets 13.33. Gift Relief 13.34. Transfer of Assets to a Limited Company 13.35. Entrepreneurs’ Relief 13.36. Losses on Loans to Traders 13.37. Loan Guarantees Chapter 14. Corporation Tax 14.1. Scope of Corporation Tax 14.2. Trading income 14.3. Loan relationships 14.4. Intangible Fixed Assets 14.5. Derivative Contracts 14.6. Property income 14.7. Chargeable gains 14.8. Indexation Allowance 14.9. Indexation and Losses 14.10. Assets Owned at 31 March 1982 14.11. Assets Owned at 6 April 1965 14.12. Rollover Relief 14.13. Dividends Received 14.14. Payments to Charities 14.15. Distributions 14.16. Chargeable Accounting Periods 14.17. Computation of Tax Liability 14.18. Corporation Tax – Interaction with Income Tax 14.19. Losses and Corporation Tax 14.20. Groups and Consortia 14.21. Close Companies 14.22. Companies with Investment Business 14.23. Close Investment-holding Companies 14.24. Demergers 14.25. Purchase of Own Shares Chapter 15. Incorporation, Disincorporation and Choice of Business Medium 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Incorporation 15.3. Disincorporation 15.4. Disincorporation Relief 15.5. Choice of Business Medium 15.6. Comparison of Tax Treatment of Companies and Sole Traders 15.7. Salary vs Dividends Chapter 16. Special Classes of Taxpayers 16.1. Construction Industry Scheme 16.2. Farmers and Market Gardeners 16.3. Authors, Artists and Composers 16.4. Actors, Musicians and Entertainers 16.5. Entertainers – Other Workers 16.6. Builders 16.7. Care Providers 16.8. Barristers 16.9. Bookmakers 16.10. Breweries and Licensed Premises 16.11. Doctors and Dentists 16.12. Motor Dealers – Valuation of Used Vehicle Stocks 16.13. Fishermen 16.14. Franchising 16.15. Solicitors 16.16. Sub-postmasters 16.17. Video and DVD Traders 16.18. Clubs, Societies and other Mutual Organisations 16.19. Charities 16.20. Credit Unions 16.21. Friendly Societies 16.22. Housing Associations 16.23. Self-build Societies Chapter 17. Partnerships 17.1. Definitions 17.2. Limited Partnerships 17.3. Limited Liability Partnerships 17.4. Allocation of Profits 17.5. Assessment of Partnerships 17.6. Other Income of Partnership 17.7. Non-trading Partnerships 17.8. Post-cessation Receipts 17.9. Losses 17.10. Notional Losses 17.11. Mergers and Amalgamations 17.12. Restriction on Loss Relief for Limited and Non-Active Partners 17.13. Partnership Property Income 17.14. Corporate Partners 17.15. Partnerships and Capital Gains Tax 17.16. Roll-over and Gift Relief - LLPs Index
A History of the Hellenistic World provides an engaging look at the Macedonian monarchies in the period following the reign of Alexander the Great, and examines their impact on the Greek world. Offers a clearly organized narrative with particular emphasis on state and governmental structures Makes extensive use of inscriptions in translation to illustrate the continuing vitality of the Greek city states prior to the Roman conquest Emphasizes the specific Macedonian origins of all active participants in the creation of the Hellenistic world Highlights the relationships between Greek city-states and Macedonian monarchies
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