Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases in humans characterized by the loss of photoreceptor cells leading to reduction of the peripheral visual field (known as tunnel vision) and eventually to blindness. N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) is an alkylating agent that exhibits its toxicity by transferring its methyl group to nucleobases in nucleic acids. A single systemic administration of MNU causes retinal degeneration in various animal species. The retinal degeneration is highly reproducible, and the photoreceptor cell loss occurs within a week when a suitable dose of MNU is administered. Photoreceptor cell loss occurs via apoptosis, which resembles human RP. Decreased levels of basal autophagy concomitantly occur during the course of apoptosis progression. The time-course progression of the disease, the molecular mechanisms of the disease, and the therapeutic trials against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis are described.
Unavailable as a collection until now, these essays document both the intellectual journey of one of the world's leading architects and a critical period in the evolution of architectural thought. Born in Tokyo, educated in Japan and the United States, and principal of an internationally acclaimed architectural practice, celebrated architect Fumihiko Maki brings to his writings on architecture a perspective that is both global and uniquely Japanese. Influenced by post-Bauhaus internationalism, sympathetic to the radical urban architectural vision of Team X, and a participant in the avant-garde movement Metabolism, Maki has been at the forefront of his profession for decades. This collection of essays documents the evolution of architectural modernism and Maki's own fifty-year intellectual journey during a critical period of architectural and urban history. Maki's treatment of his two overarching themes—the contemporary city and modernist architecture—demonstrates strong (and sometimes unexpected) linkages between urban theory and architectural practice. Images and commentary on three of Maki's own works demonstrate the connection between his writing and his designs. Moving through the successive waves of modernism, postmodernism, neomodernism, and other isms, these essays reflect how several generations of architectural thought and expression have been resolved within one career.
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