This book critically examines how US foreign policy has produced a regional regime of instability and insecurity in South Asia and the Middle East. It focuses on three interconnected zones of conflict—Afghanistan and Pakistan in South Asia, Iran and the Persian Gulf states, and Iraq and its neighbours. In a comprehensive historical survey, this work compares the governing behaviour of these states with that of the West, where the American foreign policy establishment has, in contrast, pushed for investing in collective security. The author studies various events throughout history such as the Taliban regime; the US-led war in Afghanistan; the Obama administration and Pakistan; the first and second Gulf wars; the Arab Spring, and the rise of ISIS to present a theoretical analysis of Washington’s consistent pursuit of multibalancing and regime change wars in the region. An important critical assessment of Western foreign policies, this book will be indispensable for students and researchers of US foreign policy, defense and security studies, strategic affairs, politics and international relations, political economy, nation-state building, identity studies, globalization studies, Middle East studies, and South Asian studies.
Thematically, this book problematizes Iranian official nationalism. It reviews how every modern Iranian regime since the constitutional revolution of the 1905-06 has failed to legitimize its official identity, resulting in the fall of five different regimes. The book details how the collapse of each regime resulted in the interruption of the official meaning of being Iranian, as well as the meanings of its enemies. What remained the same was how every Iranian regime represented itself as the agent of a particular national desire defined in terms of making Iran to become sovereign, developed, democratic, and constitutional. Nonetheless, no regime was able to convince a great majority of the people that it achieved what it represented. This book makes three specific contributions. The first contribution is pedagogical. By focusing on the dynamics of regime changes, it provides a heuristic model for identifying challenges that all Iranian regimes have faced. Moreover, the book is a comprehensive review of the disruptive, oppressive, and bloody nature of the rise and fall of different regimes. The second contribution is theoretical. Rather than examining the behavior of various Iranian regimes in isolation from their international context, the book examines how each regime got to understand itself in relations to its imperial others. By examining the governmental rationality of each regime, the book offers a better theoretical framework for understanding political development not only in Iran, but also in all other Middle Eastern and South Asian states. Finally, the third contribution of this book is its critical approach to the main body of the literature on Iran, modernity, development, democracy, and constitutionalism.
The work focuses on the Persian Gulf and South Asian States (PGSAS), including Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and The Gulf Cooperation Council States. Recognized as the site for the rise of radical Islam, terrorism, inter-state wars, nuclear proliferation, and civil wars, the region has become a threat to global security. Yet, there still lacks an grand strategy to build a regional security community in the region, which should be treated as a political unit in need of stable and interdependent alliance. After discussing the concept of security community, the authors investigate the role of international institutions and U.S. policies in the (in)security of the region. It argues that the U.S. should invest in creating a security community in the region as it did in post War Europe, concluding that this would be a feasible and practical solution to current insecurity not only in the region but also in the world. Written by experts, this timely work will appeal to anyone studying issues of international security as well as the politics of South Asia and the Gulf States.
This stimulating book covers all area of the twelfth century Muslim philosopher's life from his transmission of Aristotelian thought to the Western world, to his conflict with the Ash'arite theologians.
Thematically, this book problematizes Iranian official nationalism. It reviews how every modern Iranian regime since the constitutional revolution of the 1905-06 has failed to legitimize its official identity, resulting in the fall of five different regimes. The book details how the collapse of each regime resulted in the interruption of the official meaning of being Iranian, as well as the meanings of its enemies. What remained the same was how every Iranian regime represented itself as the agent of a particular national desire defined in terms of making Iran to become sovereign, developed, democratic, and constitutional. Nonetheless, no regime was able to convince a great majority of the people that it achieved what it represented. This book makes three specific contributions. The first contribution is pedagogical. By focusing on the dynamics of regime changes, it provides a heuristic model for identifying challenges that all Iranian regimes have faced. Moreover, the book is a comprehensive review of the disruptive, oppressive, and bloody nature of the rise and fall of different regimes. The second contribution is theoretical. Rather than examining the behavior of various Iranian regimes in isolation from their international context, the book examines how each regime got to understand itself in relations to its imperial others. By examining the governmental rationality of each regime, the book offers a better theoretical framework for understanding political development not only in Iran, but also in all other Middle Eastern and South Asian states. Finally, the third contribution of this book is its critical approach to the main body of the literature on Iran, modernity, development, democracy, and constitutionalism.
This book critically examines how US foreign policy has produced a regional regime of instability and insecurity in South Asia and the Middle East. It focuses on three interconnected zones of conflict—Afghanistan and Pakistan in South Asia, Iran and the Persian Gulf states, and Iraq and its neighbours. In a comprehensive historical survey, this work compares the governing behaviour of these states with that of the West, where the American foreign policy establishment has, in contrast, pushed for investing in collective security. The author studies various events throughout history such as the Taliban regime; the US-led war in Afghanistan; the Obama administration and Pakistan; the first and second Gulf wars; the Arab Spring, and the rise of ISIS to present a theoretical analysis of Washington’s consistent pursuit of multibalancing and regime change wars in the region. An important critical assessment of Western foreign policies, this book will be indispensable for students and researchers of US foreign policy, defense and security studies, strategic affairs, politics and international relations, political economy, nation-state building, identity studies, globalization studies, Middle East studies, and South Asian studies.
This book tries to answer the question how different communities in such an arid area as the Iranian central plateau could have shared their limited water resources in a perfect harmony and peace over the course of history. They invented some indigenous technologies as well as cooperative socio-economic systems in order to better adapt themselves to their harsh environment where the scarce water resources had to be rationed among the different communities as sustainably as possible. Those stories hold some lessons for us on how to adjust our needs to our geographical possibilities while living side by side with other people. This work gives insight into the indigenous adaptation strategies through the territorial water cooperation, and describes how water can appear as a ground for cooperation. It explains the water supply systems and social aspects of water in central Iran. Topics include the territorial water cooperation, qanat’s, the traditional water management and sustainability, the socio-economic context, the sustainable management of shared aquifers system and more.
This book presents a thorough analysis of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s memory culture, focusing particularly on commemorations and representations of the Anfal and Halabja atrocities. The author employs a transdisciplinary approach that draws on Memory Studies, Postcolonial Studies, Heritage Studies, Kurdish Studies, Literary Studies and Trauma Studies, to analyze cultural objects such as Kurdistani literary novels, museums, and school curricula. The book introduces two key concepts: the "phantomic museum" and the "apostrophic museum." The former explores the fragile and politicized nature of memories of missing individuals who disappeared during Saddam Hussein's genocidal campaigns and who have never been found, primarily as they return in the Halabja Monument and Peace Museum. The latter examines how the addressing – apostrophizing – of Kurdistan, in and by the Amna Suraka museum in the city of Sulaymaniyah, institutionalizes “official” and highly politicized versions of the past.
This book traces “water” back to the most primitive animistic notions that are still lingering on in the shape of such rituals as qanat marriage or rain-making. Water, in the Iranian philosophy, is used in an attempt to find an explanation for the genesis of the universe, as described in Zoroastrian Akhshij philosophy, according to which water is one of the four fundamental elements of the creation. The concept of time began to germinate in the Iranian mind, when they had to count the passage of time in order to divide their scarce water resources. Water became so omnipresent in Iranian culture that it reached even the most mysterious seclusion of the Sufi monks. In Iran’s local communities, water culture is a thread that runs through different types of production systems. This book goes beyond indigenous water knowledge and traditional irrigation techniques, and conceptualizes water as a pivotal element of Iran’s social identity, cultural dynamics and belief systems, where it examines the role of intermittent droughts in engendering and diffusing intangible cultural elements across the Iranian plateau. This book delves into Iran’s political organizations most of which were ensnared in a water-dependent lifecycle constituting a historical pattern described in this book as “hydraulic collapse” .
This book analyzes the reform movement in Iran and traces its political roots from the beginning of the 20th century to its relative demise with the purging of the Green Movement after the 2009 disputed elections. The author explains how this movement was shaped in a country with an authoritarian Islamist regime, how it grew, and what its achievements are, including its failures and setbacks. The project will appeal to scholars and students in the fields of Middle Eastern politics and sociology, Iranian politics, democracy, and the US-Iran relations.
Meet the latest challenges in quantum computing with this cutting-edge volume Miniaturization is one of the major forms (and drivers) of innovation in electronics and computing. In recent years, the rapid reduction in the size of semiconductors and other key elements of digital technology has created major challenges, which new technologies are being continuously mobilized to meet. Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) is a technology with huge potential to meet these challenges, particularly if multi-value computing is brought to bear. Computing with Multi-Value Logic in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata introduces this groundbreaking area of technology and its major applications. Using MATLAB® software and a novel multi-value logic simulator, the book demonstrates that multi-value circuits with a function that approximates fuzzy logic are within reach of modern engineering and design. Rigorous and clear, this book offers a crucial introduction to the processes of designing multi-value logic circuits with QCA technology. Readers will also find: The tools required to design fuzzy-quantum controllers with high processing speed Detailed discussion of topics including basic gate function, the energy consumption of QCA multi-value cells, and much more Extensive MATLAB® data and other worked-through examples Computing with Multi-Value Logic in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata is ideal for researchers and readers who are looking for an explanation of the basic concepts required to design multi-value circuits in this field.
Advances in Sustainable Humidification-Dehumidification Thermal Desalination Systems: 4E Analysis, Process Integration, and Materials presents the newest developments in humidification–dehumidification (HDH) systems and improvements in their applications for reducing energy usage. This book is split into three parts, first outlining principles, analysis, and optimization of HDH technology, its economy, its impacts on the environment, and a multistage approach for maximizing energy efficiency. This is followed by practical guides on implementing sustainable HDH systems within a variety of hybridization scenarios. Finally, this book provides an evaluation of different packing materials for HDH desalination units. Showing how the major advances in this technology impact the energy requirements of fresh-water production, Advances in Sustainable Humidification-Dehumidification Thermal Desalination Systems: 4E Analysis, Process Integration, and Materials takes readers from fundamental principles to sustainable real-world applications of HDH thermal desalination systems. Presents the fundamentals, principles, and technological overview of HDH desalination systems for lowering energy expenditure Details the modeling, application, and integration of HDH desalination systems in a variety of scenarios, as well as material evaluation/selection Employs a mixture of methods, analysis, and applications to ensure readers not only understand the fundamentals but can also apply these across a range of real-world scenarios Provides a guide to implementing the possibilities of HDH desalination through renewable and low-grade energy sources for a sustainable future
Quantum dots (QDs) are important in the research and industrial fields due to their diverse properties and technological importance. Recently, QDs have been found to be suitable for biological, biomedical, agricultural, and food science applications. Many research articles, review papers, and internet sources have published on the use of QDs to improve plant growth and yield, but a comprehensive overview in book form has not been available to date. This book provides detailed information on synthesis, functionalization, and the use of various types of quantum dots for plant systems. It also addresses the current state of knowledge on sensing mechanisms of QD-based biosensors used for microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plant virus detection. This book also offers in-depth knowledge related to QDs used for plant growth, nutrients, and plant protection from micro-organisms. This volume is beneficial as one comprehensive resource for students, researchers, scientists, technicians, academicians, and industrialists.
Recent Advances in Applications of Name Reactions in Multicomponent Reactions is an ideal reference for researchers and postgraduate students studying organic chemistry, as well as synthetic organic chemists working on the development of novel methodologies for the synthesis of various heterocyclic systems, especially drug design and discovery, in both academia and industry. The book reviews recent applications of name reactions in multicomponents for the synthesis of heterocycles and examines recent advances in applications of significant name reactions, such as Ugi and Passirini, Click, Knoevenagel, Michael, Diels-Alder, Aldol, Mannich, Heck, Huisgen, and Suzuki in MCRs. These reactions can be used in the synthesis of a wide variety of novel heterocycles with different sizes and heteroatoms, as well as in the total synthesis of natural products in order to decrease the number of synthetic steps. Since chiral inductions are necessary for most of these sequential name reactions, their asymmetric catalyzed reactions are also described. Includes the synthesis of many heterocycles, which is ideal for synthetic organic chemists engaged in the synthesis of heterocyclic systems Covers the recent advances of asymmetric synthesis of a wide range of heterocycles in satisfactory enantioselectivities (ees) or distereoselectivities (des) Reviews the synthesis of a wide variety of interesting heterocycles by using a combination of different and versatile name reactions via MCRs
This book focuses on drylands such as arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas where they form the main part of ecosystems, e.g., in Iran, but also around the world. Mismanagement and improper exploitation of these areas lead to more degradation day by day. Besides an introduction to the role and importance of vegetation cover in conserving soil against wind and water erosion, this book gives a scope of appropriate techniques and methods for vegetation establishment and maintenance, indicators for suitable plants selection for soil conservation, and soil erosion prevention and combat. It provides methods of soil erosion prevention and combating through the application of plants, using bioengineering systems for soil erosion control and the role of agroforestry in soil erosion prevention. This book can be helpful to those with an interest in countries with similar climates to Iran. In particular, this includes Dubai, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
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