This book focuses on drylands such as arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas where they form the main part of ecosystems, e.g., in Iran, but also around the world. Mismanagement and improper exploitation of these areas lead to more degradation day by day. Besides an introduction to the role and importance of vegetation cover in conserving soil against wind and water erosion, this book gives a scope of appropriate techniques and methods for vegetation establishment and maintenance, indicators for suitable plants selection for soil conservation, and soil erosion prevention and combat. It provides methods of soil erosion prevention and combating through the application of plants, using bioengineering systems for soil erosion control and the role of agroforestry in soil erosion prevention. This book can be helpful to those with an interest in countries with similar climates to Iran. In particular, this includes Dubai, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
This book provides an overview of arid and semi-arid lands conditions, their general characteristics, methods of management, conservation, exploitation and reclamation. It also focuses on how to utilize the potential of arid lands with the minimum manipulation and alteration. Arid and semi-arid areas represent a major part of natural ecosystems not only in Iran, but around the world, and mismanagement and inappropriate exploitation of these areas may lead to further gradual degradation. As such, an understanding of the characteristics of these areas is vital if they are to be conserved and reclaimed.
Recent Advances in Applications of Name Reactions in Multicomponent Reactions is an ideal reference for researchers and postgraduate students studying organic chemistry, as well as synthetic organic chemists working on the development of novel methodologies for the synthesis of various heterocyclic systems, especially drug design and discovery, in both academia and industry. The book reviews recent applications of name reactions in multicomponents for the synthesis of heterocycles and examines recent advances in applications of significant name reactions, such as Ugi and Passirini, Click, Knoevenagel, Michael, Diels-Alder, Aldol, Mannich, Heck, Huisgen, and Suzuki in MCRs. These reactions can be used in the synthesis of a wide variety of novel heterocycles with different sizes and heteroatoms, as well as in the total synthesis of natural products in order to decrease the number of synthetic steps. Since chiral inductions are necessary for most of these sequential name reactions, their asymmetric catalyzed reactions are also described. - Includes the synthesis of many heterocycles, which is ideal for synthetic organic chemists engaged in the synthesis of heterocyclic systems - Covers the recent advances of asymmetric synthesis of a wide range of heterocycles in satisfactory enantioselectivities (ees) or distereoselectivities (des) - Reviews the synthesis of a wide variety of interesting heterocycles by using a combination of different and versatile name reactions via MCRs
Thematically, this book problematizes Iranian official nationalism. It reviews how every modern Iranian regime since the constitutional revolution of the 1905-06 has failed to legitimize its official identity, resulting in the fall of five different regimes. The book details how the collapse of each regime resulted in the interruption of the official meaning of being Iranian, as well as the meanings of its enemies. What remained the same was how every Iranian regime represented itself as the agent of a particular national desire defined in terms of making Iran to become sovereign, developed, democratic, and constitutional. Nonetheless, no regime was able to convince a great majority of the people that it achieved what it represented. This book makes three specific contributions. The first contribution is pedagogical. By focusing on the dynamics of regime changes, it provides a heuristic model for identifying challenges that all Iranian regimes have faced. Moreover, the book is a comprehensive review of the disruptive, oppressive, and bloody nature of the rise and fall of different regimes. The second contribution is theoretical. Rather than examining the behavior of various Iranian regimes in isolation from their international context, the book examines how each regime got to understand itself in relations to its imperial others. By examining the governmental rationality of each regime, the book offers a better theoretical framework for understanding political development not only in Iran, but also in all other Middle Eastern and South Asian states. Finally, the third contribution of this book is its critical approach to the main body of the literature on Iran, modernity, development, democracy, and constitutionalism.
Computational Modelling of Intelligent Soft Matter: Shape Memory Polymers and Hydrogels covers the multiphysics response of various smart polymer materials, such as temperature-sensitive shape memory polymers and temperature/ chemosensitive hydrogels. Several thermo–chemo-mechanical constitutive models for these smart polymers are outlined, and their real-world applications are highlighted. The numerical counterpart of each introduced constitutive model is also presented, empowering readers to solve practical problems requiring thermomechanical responses of these materials as well as design and analyze real-world structures made of them. - Introduces constitutive models based on continuum thermodynamics for intelligent soft materials - Presents calibration methods for identifying material model parameters as well as finite element implementation of the featured models - Allows readers to solve practical problems requiring thermomechanical responses from these materials as well as the design and analysis of real-world structures made of them
The Muslims at present is divided into sects and schools of thought. The disagreements among the Muslims have assumed tremendous significance and the lack of ethics of disagreement have resulted in an apparently unbridgeable gap between different sections of the Muslim society. This book is a humble attempt to bring to the lime light the legacy of ethics of disagreement in Islam in a historical and most dispassionate manner. This book focuses primarily about the spectrum of disagreement; analyzes the meaning and nature of Disagreement.It also provides historical study of ethics of Disagreement and an account of how medieval Muslims came to a consensus about how to deal with disagreement, how they created an educational system that reflected that consensus, and how we might understand current Islamic issues in the light of the medieval Islamic understanding of disagreement. Most importantly this book deals with the Amin Ahsan Isla ?hi’s analysis of Ethics of Disagreement in Islam and the views of Taha Jabir al-‘Alwa ?ni on Ethics of Disagreement in Islam. This would surely help us to derive provisions for our contemporary times and the future generation.
Texture analysis is one of the fundamental aspects of human vision by which we discriminate between surfaces and objects. In a similar manner, computer vision can take advantage of the cues provided by surface texture to distinguish and recognize objects. In computer vision, texture analysis may be used alone or in combination with other sensed features (e.g. color, shape, or motion) to perform the task of recognition. Either way, it is a feature of paramount importance and boasts a tremendous body of work in terms of both research and applications.Currently, the main approaches to texture analysis must be sought out through a variety of research papers. This collection of chapters brings together in one handy volume the major topics of importance, and categorizes the various techniques into comprehensible concepts. The methods covered will not only be relevant to those working in computer vision, but will also be of benefit to the computer graphics, psychophysics, and pattern recognition communities, academic or industrial.
This book traces “water” back to the most primitive animistic notions that are still lingering on in the shape of such rituals as qanat marriage or rain-making. Water, in the Iranian philosophy, is used in an attempt to find an explanation for the genesis of the universe, as described in Zoroastrian Akhshij philosophy, according to which water is one of the four fundamental elements of the creation. The concept of time began to germinate in the Iranian mind, when they had to count the passage of time in order to divide their scarce water resources. Water became so omnipresent in Iranian culture that it reached even the most mysterious seclusion of the Sufi monks. In Iran’s local communities, water culture is a thread that runs through different types of production systems. This book goes beyond indigenous water knowledge and traditional irrigation techniques, and conceptualizes water as a pivotal element of Iran’s social identity, cultural dynamics and belief systems, where it examines the role of intermittent droughts in engendering and diffusing intangible cultural elements across the Iranian plateau. This book delves into Iran’s political organizations most of which were ensnared in a water-dependent lifecycle constituting a historical pattern described in this book as “hydraulic collapse” .
This book tries to answer the question how different communities in such an arid area as the Iranian central plateau could have shared their limited water resources in a perfect harmony and peace over the course of history. They invented some indigenous technologies as well as cooperative socio-economic systems in order to better adapt themselves to their harsh environment where the scarce water resources had to be rationed among the different communities as sustainably as possible. Those stories hold some lessons for us on how to adjust our needs to our geographical possibilities while living side by side with other people. This work gives insight into the indigenous adaptation strategies through the territorial water cooperation, and describes how water can appear as a ground for cooperation. It explains the water supply systems and social aspects of water in central Iran. Topics include the territorial water cooperation, qanat’s, the traditional water management and sustainability, the socio-economic context, the sustainable management of shared aquifers system and more.
Nanofinishing of Textile Materials provides thorough coverage of existing, current and future developments in the field. Sections cover a wide range of nanofinishing mechanisms for improving the fundamental properties of textiles, such as bleaching, scouring, softening and surface activation. Other sections discuss high-performance properties and conventional attributes, such as waterproofing, fire-retardancy and novel applications, including conductivity and magnetism. With two highly regarded and experienced authors bringing together the latest information on nanofinishing technology, this book is essential reading for scientific researchers, engineers and R&D professionals working on the development of finishes for improving the properties of textiles. - Explains nanofinishing mechanisms and processes with a view to their use in developing high-performance apparel and technical textiles - Focuses on how nanofinishing can be used to confer important characteristics, such as self-cleaning, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, magnetic and conductive attributes - Explores novel techniques and methods for readers who require cutting-edge knowledge of developments in nanofinishing
Applied Micromechanics of Complex Microstructures explains the fundamental concepts of continuum modeling of various complicated microstructures, covering nanocomposites, multiphase composites, biomaterials, biological materials, and more. The authors outline the calculation of effective mechanical and thermal properties, allowing readers to understand the step-by-step modeling and homogenization of complicated microstructures, and the book also features a chapter on microstructure hull and material design. Modeling of complex samples with nonlinear properties such as neural tissue, bone microstructure, and liver tissue is also explained and analyzed. Explains the core concepts of continuum modeling of different complex microstructures, including nanocomposites, multiphase composites, biomaterials, and biological materials Provides detailed calculations of eff ective mechanical and thermal properties allowing the audience to understand the modeling and homogenization of complex microstructures Covers several methods for designing the microstructure of heterogeneous materials
Recent Applications of Selected Name Reactions in the Total Synthesis of Alkaloids includes comprehensive coverage of name reactions in the synthesis of alkaloids. This book highlights the synthesis of various alkaloids using special name reactions including the Diels-Alder, Friedel-Crafts, Heck, Mannich, Pauson-Khand, Pictet-Spengler, Sonogashira and Suzuki reactions. In this book, some selected name reactions in the total synthesis of alkaloids are covered, as they can be used as the key step/steps in the synthesis of different alkaloids exhibiting various biological activities. All chapters include an introduction, history and mechanism of the name reaction, and present the origin of the natural product and its known biological activities. The pathway to total synthesis is visually illustrated, and the focus is on the step in which a name reaction is applied. Chemists working in the area of synthetic organic chemistry will find this reference useful, as well as those working to develop novel methodologies for the synthesis of natural products in both academia and industry. This book is also beneficial to biologists, pharmacists and botanists. - Includes an introduction of alkaloids, their origins and biological properties - Features the applications of special name reactions as the key step in the total synthesis of featured alkaloids - Covers the pathway for the synthesis of alkaloids from commercially available or easily accessible starting materials by using at least one name reaction to achieve the desired target products
This book is a critical study of the ways that discourses of the (national) Self and Other are invoked and reflected in the reporting of a major international political conflict. Taking Iran’s nuclear programme as a case study, this book offers extensive textual analysis, comparative investigation and socio-political contextualisation of national identity in newspaper reporting. In addition to providing comprehensive accounts of theory and methodology in Critical Discourse Analysis, the book provides a valuable extensive discussion of journalistic practice in Iranian and British contexts, as well as offering insights into historical development of ‘discourses in place’ in Iran. Across four separate chapters, major national and influential newspapers from both countries are critically analysed in terms of their micro-linguistic and macro-discoursal content and strategies. The book is a vital source for interdisciplinary scholarship and will appeal to students and researchers across the critical social sciences, particularly those in linguistics, media and communication studies, journalism and international politics.
This book provides an overview of arid and semi-arid lands conditions, their general characteristics, methods of management, conservation, exploitation and reclamation. It also focuses on how to utilize the potential of arid lands with the minimum manipulation and alteration. Arid and semi-arid areas represent a major part of natural ecosystems not only in Iran, but around the world, and mismanagement and inappropriate exploitation of these areas may lead to further gradual degradation. As such, an understanding of the characteristics of these areas is vital if they are to be conserved and reclaimed.
Management is a broad topic with different aspects to explore and address. Management is the most important and influential part of any organization and establishment and undoubtedly, if the management is richer, wiser, more practical and focuses on the knowledge, the organization would have a stronger structure. An establishment that can handle operational tasks with authority at the highest levels of the organization as well as the middle and lower levels of the organization. The influence of management on an organization and its structure has many varieties. One of these can be Taking Action. It is clear that a powerful manager is a manager who can implement his decisions and plans. Another type of management's influence on the organization can be Innovation and Breakthrough. The most appealing element in the excellence of an organization is the element endowed with innovation and attraction, and there is no attraction better than creating a new strategy for the organization. The organization's staff would be faced with a daily routine challenge when no innovations or breakthroughs are perceptible in the process of operations. Another way of management's influence on the organization is Time Knowledge. How much do we manage our time? How a manager who does not use time management might understand the value of time? When does he realize that his organization's progress is being evaluated based on chronological measurements? In the business world, pioneers are the competitors who make the most of their time.The Management Clinic is a non-university (non-academic) book, with instructive, inspiring, and practical material that can certainly work in the field of management. The narrative of the book is based on studies, research, and work experience in the business world, and also a result of executive interactions and frequent meetings between the author and big business executives and owners. Clearly, all topics and practical tips of Management Clinic have emanated from a skilled and experienced mind, whether they are descriptive material penned by the author or excerpts from the great masters in the world of management and other successful people.
This book focuses on drylands such as arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas where they form the main part of ecosystems, e.g., in Iran, but also around the world. Mismanagement and improper exploitation of these areas lead to more degradation day by day. Besides an introduction to the role and importance of vegetation cover in conserving soil against wind and water erosion, this book gives a scope of appropriate techniques and methods for vegetation establishment and maintenance, indicators for suitable plants selection for soil conservation, and soil erosion prevention and combat. It provides methods of soil erosion prevention and combating through the application of plants, using bioengineering systems for soil erosion control and the role of agroforestry in soil erosion prevention. This book can be helpful to those with an interest in countries with similar climates to Iran. In particular, this includes Dubai, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
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