Contents: Introduction, Review of Literature, Methodology and Procedure, Statistical Analysis, Discussion and Interpretation, Conclusions and Suggestions.
The rise of merchant capital in Mecca conditioned the development of Meccan social, economic, religious, and political structure. Mahmood Ibrahim traces the roots of capitalism from the emergence of merchants as the main force in Mecca through the first civil war in Islam (656–661). Through a rereading of original Arabic sources and drawing from modern scholarship on the subject, Ibrahim offers a new interpretation of the rise of Islam. He argues that Islam contributed certain institutional beliefs and practices that unblocked obstacles and helped merchants gain political and economic hegemony over western Asia. Ibrahim contends that, with the conquest of Mecca, the newly formed Muslim state spread its control to the rest of Arabia, which mobilized a significant social force and allowed for further expansion outside Arabia, thus extending merchant control to include new surplus-producing regions, a vast network of trade routes, and wider markets. This extensively researched study offers a new interpretation of the history of Islam, including the formation of Islamic society and the unfolding of the first civil war. In offering a better understanding of the Umayyad Caliphate that ruled Islam for a century to come, Ibrahim helps lay the groundwork for understanding the Middle East as it is today. Of interest to scholars of Middle Eastern studies, this important work will be necessary reading for students of Near Eastern and North African history, as well as students of the history of Medieval Europe.
An analysis of Islamist cultural politics through the ethnography of a thriving, grassroots women's piety movement in the mosques of Cairo, Egypt. Unlike those organized Islamist activities that seek to seize or transform the state, this is a moral reform movement whose orthodox practices are commonly viewed as inconsequential to Egypt's political landscape. The author's exposition of these practices challenges this assumption by showing how the ethical and the political are linked within the context of such movements.
The world is divided by dangerous and shifting faultlines the global order is suffering a period of dislocation. Since the onset of the 21st century, the world is embroiled into a war with itself. The democracy is receding in the era of rising populism, and nonagenarian like Kissinger are hearing the drums of the Third World War. Donald Trump, in his four years presidency, shook the foundations of the United States of America and leaving the White House in tatters in January 2021. President Erdogan is pampering the ambition of restoration of the Ottoman empire while reigning in the Kemalist forces. Muhammad Bin Salman is riding his ruthless aspirations to lead Arabs against the Iranian regime. President Xi Jinping’s China struts the global stage with newfound confidence and economic prowess. Pakistan is finding itself again between a rock and a hard place with instability at its heart and a saphronised India on its doorsteps. Worst of all, the conflict-ridden world is threatened by a pandemic that has caused an economic bloodbath from Wall Street to Tokyo with millions of lives lost and billions at risk to fall prey to a virus that is changing faster than its cure. T H Hassan analyses a grandly messed up world and proposes solutions to resolve the undergoing crises and conflicts. T M Hassan analyses the world at conflict while drawing upon the ancient enmities and imminent collisions that define the struggle for power and control in the twenty-first century. Region by region, it delayers the causes, contexts, actors and likely outcomes of globally significant violent struggle now underway. This book is an imperative read to make sense of the fractured and perilous world around us and find an exit from the ongoing chaos.
In Egypt Islamists clash with secularists over religious and national identity, while in Turkey secularist ruling elites have chosen to accommodate Islamists in the name of democracy and reconciliation. As Islam spreads throughout the world, Muslims living in their traditional homelands and in the Western world are grappling with shifting identities. In all cases, understanding the dynamics of identity-based politics is critical to the future of Muslims and their neighbors across the globe. In Muslims in Global Politics, Mahmood Monshipouri examines the role identity plays in political conflicts in six Muslim nations—Egypt, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Iran, and Indonesia—as well as in Muslim diaspora communities in Europe and North America. In each instance, he describes how conservatives, neofundamentalists, reformists, and secularists construct identity in different ways and how these identities play out in the political arena. With globalization, the demand for human rights continues to grow in the Muslim world, and struggles over modernity, authenticity, legitimacy, and rationality become increasingly important. Muslims in Global Politics deepens our understanding of how modern ideas and norms interact with the traditions of the Islamic world and, in turn, shows how human rights advocates can provide an alternative to militant Islamist movements.
Truth About the Split, the English translation of A’ina’-e-Sadaqat, written by Hazrat Khalifatul-Masih II(ra), is a detailed reply to The Split by Maulawi Muhammad Ali, who after having denied the institution of Khilafat had seceded from the main body of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama‘at and established his party headquarters at Lahore. Truth About the Split has been divided into two main parts. The first part consists of the refutation of the eleven misstatements and unfounded charges leveled against Hazrat Khalifatul-Masih II(ra) in The Split, and of the thoroughly fabricated story of the Ahmadiyya dissension. First few misstatements revolve around a person named Zahiruddin who was believed to be, by the Lahore Party, the originator of the belief of the prophethood of the Promised Messiah(as). Another controversy was whether those who denied the Promised Messiah(as) should be regarded as Muslims or Kafir-bil-Ma’mur. In fact, Hazrat Khalifatul-Masih II(ra) had already proved that the Promised Messiah(as) regarded them as the latter. Another controversy generated by Maulawi Muhammad Ali was that people had pledged Bai‘at with the second Khalifa in ignorance, and that they had later renounced their Bai‘at with him. The second part of the book deals with the true story of the split. It elaborates how Khawaja Kamaluddin, Maulawi Muhammad Ali and few others intrigued to bring down the Institution of Khilafat during the time of Hazrat Khalifatul Masih I(ra), how they openly showed their hostility after his demise by proposing delay in the election of the next Khalifa, and what finally impelled them to set up their own separate organization. The book then sets out, in clear terms—in the light of Al-Wasiyyat by the Promised Messiah(as)—as to who (Anjuman or the Khalifa) should actually succeed the Promised Messiah(as).
Pakistan, after fifty eight years of existence, was faced with a governance crisis. Certain significant political and economic developments in the international environment were having a profound impact on the country. Pakistan was faced with complex and daunting challenges threatening its stability. These challenges were: regional dynamics after the launch of the 'Global War on Terrorism' by the USA; democratisation, the universal quest for re-inventing government, the apparent triumph of capitalism, and the paradigm shift towards sustainable development. This book presents political, economic, legal and public issues during the reformation era of Pakistan's decentralising government.
Processing Technology for Bio-Based Polymers: Advanced Strategies and Practical Aspects brings together the latest advances and novel technologies surrounding the synthesis and manufacture of biopolymers, ranging from bio-based polymers to synthetic polymers from bio-derived monomers. Sections examine bio-based polymer chemistry, discuss polymerization process and emerging design technologies, cover manufacturing and processing approaches, explain cutting-edge approaches and innovative applications, and focus on biomedicals and other key application areas. Final chapters provide detailed discussion and an analysis of economic and environmental concerns, practical considerations, challenges, opportunities and future trends. This is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists and advanced students in polymer science, bio-based materials, nanomaterials, plastics engineering, biomaterials, chemistry, biotechnology, and materials science and engineering, as well as R&D professionals, engineers and industrialists interested in the development of biopolymers for advanced products and applications. - Focuses on the processing of bio-based polymers, covering both traditional methods and innovative new approaches - Offers novel opportunities and ideas for developing or improving technologies for biopolymer research, preparation and application - Examines other key considerations, including reliability and end product, economic concerns, and environmental and lifecycle aspects
This research explores observed, simulated, and projected extreme climate indices from a selection of different GCMs from CMIP5 ensemble for Pakistan at province level. The extreme indices for observed, simulated and projected climate are found and analysed on provincial basis over the country. Pakistan has been facing shortages in both the power and water sector which are the lifelines of the country. Significant increases in the maximum and minimum temperatures over the country may affect such sectors drastically. Considerable increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, coupled with erratic monsoon rains may cause frequent and intense floods and droughts in the region. Rising temperatures resulting in enhanced heat and water-stressed conditions, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, may lead to reduced agricultural productivity. This report shall bring added value to all stakeholders and policy makers in determining the hazards that extreme climate has brought in the past and may bring in the near future.
Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; June 23, 1894—May 28, 1972) was King of England & the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from January 20, 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year. Edward was the eldest son of King George V and Queen Mary. Edward was officially invested as Prince of Wales in a special ceremony on July 13, 1911. Throughout the 1920s, Edward, as Prince of Wales, represented his father, King George V, at home and abroad on many occasions. On one such visits, he arrived in India in December 1921 and returned to the UK in June 1922. During this visit, he travelled far and wide across the Indian subcontinent where he was received by the local rulers, Rajas and Maharajas and a great deal of ceremonial pomp and joy was exhibited through costly gifts and presents by the aristocrats of Indian states and provinces. The Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community at that time, Hazrat Mirza Bashir-ud-Deen Mahmood Ahmad, may Allah be pleased with him, revived the tradition of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and that of the Promised Messiah, on whom be peace, and welcomed this member of the Royal Family by presenting to him the message of Islam.
The book is an authentic and authoritative introduction to the contemporary political establishment in Iran. The book analyses incisively the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Students/research scholars of political science will find the study informative and unique in treatment on politics and prove beneficial for study.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is referred to as an efficient and inevitable convergence of the Internet of Things, intelligent transportation systems, edge / fog and cloud computing, and big data, all of which could be intelligently harvested for the cooperative vehicular safety and non-safety applications as well as cooperative mobility management. A secure and low-latency communication is, therefore, indispensable to meet the stringent performance requirements of the safety-critical vehicular applications. Whilst the challenges surrounding low latency are being addressed by the researchers in both academia and industry, it is the security of an IoV network which is of paramount importance, as a single malicious message is perfectly capable enough of jeopardizing the entire networking infrastructure and can prove fatal for the vehicular passengers and the vulnerable pedestrians. This book thus investigates the promising notion of trust in a bid to strengthen the resilience of the IoV networks. It not only introduces trust categorically in the context of an IoV network, i.e., in terms of its fundamentals and salient characteristics, but further envisages state-of-the-art trust models and intelligent trust threshold mechanisms for segregating both malicious and non-malicious vehicles. Furthermore, open research challenges and recommendations for addressing the same are discussed in the same too.
The book consists of the addresses of Hazrat Khalifatul-Masih II(ra) during the first Jalsa Salana of his Khilafat in 1914. Huzoor(ra) gave a detailed account of the events after the demise of Hazrat Khalifatul-Masih I(ra) and his election to the office. Huzoor(ra) also addressed the issues facing the Jama’at – Politics, marriages between Ahmadis and non-Ahmadis, Zakat, settlement of disputes, doctrinal issues etc. His insights on these points are as pertinent today as they were then.
Ahmadiyyat or the True Islam was first published in 1924 and has been published many times since. It is an extended treatise of a lecture read at The Conference of Living Religions Within the Empire in London. The treatise exhaustively deals with the subjects as the conception of God, His relation to man and attainment of Communion with Him. It also deals with the Islamic teachings on morals and their social aspects—relations within family, the community, between partners in business and between government and people. Nature of the human soul, life after death and the nature of heaven and hell have also been addressed. Most important of all is that all the issues dealt with in the treatise have been supported and documented from the Holy Quran and Hadith which places this unique dissertation among the most authentic works on Islam. It is as relevant today as it was when first published to present the true teachings of Islam and to counter hostile propaganda against it.
Their Kingdom lasted between 1760-1799 Hyder Ali fought two wars with British and died a natural death in 1782 Nawab of Arcot, Maharanis of Mysore, Nizam of Hyderabad Supported British East India Company and Maratha Empire fought against Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan Tipu Sultans own ministers and commanders betrayed him. Tipu Sultan fought two wars with British East India Company He was martyred in the fourth war of Srirangapatam in 1799. Later British East India Company ruled India until 1947 Mausoleum of Tippu Sultan, his father Hyder Ali and mother Fathima Begum. This Mausoleum was built by Tipu Sultan himself. Read in full detail with quotations and illustrations Translated and compiled by: Anwar Haroon
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