Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2023-524/ Release of small plastic items, known as Acute Plastic Pollution (APP) in the environment. What is it and what can it cause? For understanding, the Nordic Council of Ministers commissioned an assessment which is described in this report including the problems, causes and solutions to address APP at multiple levels. It is a serious problem for which there are no legal frameworks nor coordinated response. Research on the magnitude and locations of APP emphasizing pellet loss is needed. Recommendations include adoption of an internationally accepted definition, reclassification of pellets as hazardous goods, inclusion in legislation, awareness-raising and incorporation of APP in a legal framework with actions for preparedness and a standardized disaster response protocol. Prevention is key, hence, technical and legal measures should be applied to achieve this.
Risk, Power and the State addresses how power is exercised in and by contemporary state organisations. Through a detailed analysis of programmatic attempts to shape behaviour linked to considerations of risk, this book pursues the argument that, whilst Foucault is useful for understanding power, the Foucauldian tradition – with its strands of discourse analysis, of governmentality studies, or of radical Deleuzian critique – suffers from a lack of clarification on key conceptual issues. Oriented around four case studies, the architecture of the book devolves upon the distinction between productive and repressive power. The first two studies focus on productive power: the management of long-term unemployment in the public employment service and cognitive-behavioural interventions in the prison service. Two further studies concern repressive interventions: the conditions of incarceration in the prison service and the activity of the customs service. These studies reveal that power, as conceptualised within the Foucauldian tradition, must be modified. A more complex notion of productive power is needed, which covers interventions that appeal to desires, and which govern both at a distance and at close range. Additionally, the simplistic paradigm of repressive power is called into question by the need to consider the organising role of norms and techniques that circumvent agency. Finally, it is argued, Foucault's concept of strategies – which accounts for the thick web of administrative directives, organisational routines, and techniques that simultaneously shape the behaviour of targeted individuals and members of the organisation – requires an organisational dimension that is often neglected in the Foucauldian tradition.
This open access book examines the challenges and issues caused by a move to a marketized education system in Sweden. Observing the introduction of the school voucher system and a postmodern social constructivist view of knowledge, the move away from objective knowledge is identified as the core reason for Sweden’s current education crisis. The impact of declining education standards on the labor market is also discussed. This book highlights the issues seen in Sweden and suggests policies that can improve education in the rest of the Western world as well. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in education and labor economics.
This report describes a screening study of in all ninety-nine conventional and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Nordic environment. In addition, extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was analysed. The latter can provide the amount, but not identity, of organofluorine in the samples, which in turn can be used to assess the mass balance between known and unknown PFASs. The study was initiated by the Nordic Screening Group and funded by these and the Nordic Council of Ministers through the Chemicals Group.A total of 102 samples were analyzed in this study, including bird eggs, fish, marine mammals, terrestrial mammals, surface water, WWTP effluents and sludge, and air. Samples were collected by institutes from the participating countries and self-governing areas; Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2024-505/ The report analyses the potential of developing new economic instruments or modifying existing ones to promote the transition towards a circular economy, with examples from the textile- and construction sector. The results are similar for the two sectors. Economic instruments that could promote circularity include environmental taxes, such as natural resource taxes, import taxes, waste taxes, as well as Extended Producer Responsibility, VAT, and subsidies. A more in-depth analysis of the implementation of environmental taxes in the respective sectors show that taxes can be used to affect the market and consumer behaviour. However, the results indicate that the tax level needs to be relatively high to boost a shift towards circular economy. The results also show the difficulty in anticipating environmental and socio-economic impacts of a tax.
This book offers a systematic inquiry into how, why, and with what consequences media affects governments and the standing of prime ministers. It aims at an understanding of how media has caused institutional effects in government, as well as at advancing a unified theory of government communication. The author develops a logic of centralization and applies it to one case, Sweden. Government communication has been institutionalized, tightened and centralized with the prime minister and has changed irreversibly. Analysis of how the government communication system has evolved, mainly in its institutional structures, suggests that the shift to centralization arose more out of necessity than choice. For prime ministers most of this is about finding ways to ensure that the entire government respond to media uniformly. As governments face a set of functional demands from media, different kinds of media, uniformity has been a paramount objective. Nevertheless, this development involves shifting dynamics of intra-executive relations and a shift of power away from ministries to the prime minister’s office; the apex of political power. The prime minister has been empowered at the expense of ministers through the concentration of power and resources to the executive centre. That is partly because of media, which reinforces political hierarchies. That and the centralized control of government news in turn raises further questions about democratic governance and the nature of modern-day governing.
Low Temperature Chemical Nanofabrication: Recent Progress, Challenges and Emerging Technologies offers a thorough and theoretical background to nanoscale fabrication phenomena, also covering important practical applications. It covers the conventional top down and the newly emerging bottom up processing methods. The latter has proven to be feasible for obtaining device quality material and can either be performed using high or low temperature processing. Low temperature (?100 oC), in particular, is becoming increasingly used due to its simplicity and varied applications, with huge benefits for developing new devices and flexible non-conventional substrates. This important resource is ideal for researchers seeking to learn more about the fundamental theories related to nanoscale phenomena and nanofabrication. - Provides extensive coverage of nanofabrication techniques, allowing researchers to learn different nanofabrication techniques - Explores different applications for low-temperature chemical nanofabrication - Cogently explains how low-temperature chemical nanofabrication differs from other nanofabrication techniques, assessing the pros and cons of each
The European Union was created for the purpose of encouraging peace on the continent, but today is increasingly active globally in areas such as diplomacy, development, humanitarian and consular aid, and civilian and military crisis management. Yet we know little about the forces that drive the Union to interact, influence and intervene outside its borders. This book offers a new theoretical perspective that explains how EU collective action is driven by practice, such as diplomatic routines and crisis management procedures. Using global case studies, Ekengren shows how the EU's representatives perform these routines, or transnational practices, across particular 'locales' around the globe, from Kosovo to Haiti. By connecting transnational and local forces in the explanation of EU foreign policy action, he presents an outline of a practice theory of translocal action. Scholars, policymakers and journalists will find this theoretically ground breaking book essential in understanding the European Union's foreign policy.
And conclusion3 THE CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS DIFFERENTIATION; Introduction; Constructing analytical tools; A theory of religious differentiation; Religion and value-changing processes; Muslims and religious change in modern Europe; Pluralism and religious differentiation; A theory of social integration; Variables of assimilation; The process of assimilation; The assimilation profile-a test case; The use of acculturation; Analysis-Antiochean Judaism revealed; Groups and factions; Crossing the boundaries-Antiochus the apostate; Observing torah-religious traditionalists.
This book addresses the contemporary debate about the 'third way' in European social democracy, by analysing the exemplar case of social democracy - 'the Swedish model' - this book challenges the recent 'third way' perspective. The author argues strongly against the widely held belief that the nature of contemporary capitalist restructuring and globalisation has rendered traditional social democracy obsolete.
5G Core Networks: Powering Digitalization provides an overview of the 5G Core network architecture, as well as giving descriptions of cloud technologies and the key concepts in the 3GPP rel-15/16 specifications. Written by the authors who are heavily involved in development of the 5G standards and who wrote the successful book on EPC and 4G Packet Networks, this book provides an authoritative reference on the technologies and standards of the 3GPP 5G Core network. Content includes: - An overview of the 5G Core Architecture - The Stand-Alone and Non-Stand-Alone Architectures - Detailed presentation of 5G Core key concepts - An overview of 5G Radio and Cloud technologies Learn - The differences between the 5G Core network and previous core network generations - How the interworking with previous network standards is defined - Why certain functionality has been included and what is beyond the scope of 5G Core - How the specifications relate to state-of-the-art web-scale concepts and virtualization technologies - Details of the protocol and service descriptions - Examples of network deployment options - Provides a clear, concise and comprehensive view of 5GS/5GC - Written by established experts in the 5GS/5GC standardization process, all of whom have extensive experience and understanding of its goals, history and vision - Covers potential service and operator scenarios for each architecture - Explains the Service Based Architecture, Network Slicing and support of Edge Computing, describing the benefits they will bring - Explains what options and parts of the standards will initially be deployed in real networks, along with their migration paths
Sediments contaminated by human activities usually contain a mixture of chemicals that produce unforeseen combined toxic effects in organisms. Thus, traditional risk assessments based on the concentrations of chemicals are unlikely to produce realistic data on toxicity. In the CONTEST project, 19 biotests were evaluated using a model contaminated sediment from the Baltic Sea. Most of the biotests applied showed concentration-dependent toxicity related to the degree of chemical pollution measured in the test sediment with some variability in the sensitivity of the test organism and the endpoint. The different biotests were analysed according to specially designed assessment criteria, and the results are foreseen to be useful for end-user groups including environmental authorities, private companies and industries, environmental laboratories, consultants, and the scientific community.
A major new theory of why human intelligence has not evolved in other species The Human Evolutionary Transition offers a unified view of the evolution of intelligence, presenting a bold and provocative new account of how animals and humans have followed two powerful yet very different evolutionary paths to intelligence. This incisive book shows how animals rely on robust associative mechanisms that are guided by genetic information, which enable animals to sidestep complex problems in learning and decision making but ultimately limit what they can learn. Humans embody an evolutionary transition to a different kind of intelligence, one that relies on behavioral and mental flexibility. The book argues that flexibility is useless to most animals because they lack sufficient opportunities to learn new behavioral and mental skills. Humans find these opportunities in lengthy childhoods and through culture. Blending the latest findings in fields ranging from psychology to evolutionary anthropology, The Human Evolutionary Transition draws on computational analyses of the problems organisms face, extensive overviews of empirical data on animal and human learning, and mathematical modeling and computer simulations of hypotheses about intelligence. This compelling book demonstrates that animal and human intelligence evolved from similar selection pressures while identifying bottlenecks in evolution that may explain why human-like intelligence is so rare.
The motor vehicle technology covered in this book has become in the more than 125 years of its history in many aspects an extremely complex and, in many areas of engineering science . Motor vehicles must remain functional under harsh environmental conditions and extreme continuous loads and must also be reliably brought into a safe state even in the event of a failure by a few trained operators. The automobile is at the same time a mass product, which must be produced in millions of pieces and at extremely low cost. In addition to the fundamentals of current vehicle systems, the book also provides an overview of future developments such as, for example, in the areas of electromobility, alternative drives and driver assistance systems. The basis for the book is a series of lectures on automotive engineering, which has been offered by the first-named author at the University of Duisburg-Essen for many years. Starting from classical systems in the automobile, the reader is given a systemic view of modern motor vehicles. In addition to the pure basic function, the modeling of individual (sub-) systems is also discussed. This gives the reader a deep understanding of the underlying principles. In addition, the book with the given models provides a basis for the practical application in the area of simulation technology and thus achieves a clear added value against books, which merely explain the function of a system without entering into the modeling. On the basis of today's vehicle systems we will continue to look at current and future systems. In addition to the state-of-the-art, the reader is thus taught which topics are currently dominant in research and which developments can be expected for the future. In particular, a large number of practical examples are provided directly from the vehicle industry. Especially for students of vehicle-oriented study courses and lectures, the book thus enables an optimal preparation for possible future fields of activity.
Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2022-568/ The occurrence of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) in aquatic environments contributes both to environmental and socioeconomic impacts. In nature, discarded fishing gear contributes to pollution by macro- and microplastics and harmful chemicals as well as to the degradation of habitats. This study compiles information from the Nordic countries on the quantity and composition of lost fishing gear, originating mainly from sport- and recreational fishing activities. The study also considers the occurrence of harmful chemicals associated with the lost fishing gear and the potential impact of these chemicals on the aquatic environment. Suggestions on how to prevent further losses and mitigate negative impact of lost fishing gear are also provided.
Improved conditions of care for premature infants have led to markedly increased survival rates over the last few decades, particularly in very low and extremely low birth weight infants. Nutritional measures play a central role in the long-term outcome, health, and quality of life of these premature infants. In this updated and extended edition, leading experts from all over the world present the most recent evidence and critical analyses of nutrient requirements and the practice of nutritional care (with the focus on very low birth weight infants) to provide guidance for clinical application. The chapters of this publication show how growth and development can be nutritionally supported, which nutrients and non-nutrients can be supplied, and how nutritional care can get implemented. Approaches to nutritional care in various disease conditions are also addressed. The compilation of current information and recommendations should support the daily work of health care professionals such as neonatologists, paediatricians, other physicians involved in the care of preterm infants, nurses, nutritionists/dieticians, and others. The current book is also of interest for researchers who wish to keep up to date in this moving field.
In Europe, as well as in other industrialized economies all over the world, employment relations have undergone profound transformations over the last decades. Large numbers of workers have been displaced, involuntarily employed part-time, or hired on temporary employment contracts. The increasing flexibility in the staffing of organizations is experienced, by many employees, as a threat to the continuation of their employment relationships. A growing body of research suggests that such job insecurity can be of fundamental importance from the occupational health perspective as well as the managerial, due to its effects on employees' work attitudes and well-being. This book addresses the nature of job insecurity and investigates its consequences for individuals, the organizations they work for, as well as their labor unions. It also examines whether factors associated with union membership help employees to cope with employment uncertainty. The book is based on a European project involving Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Both individuals and organizations alike are harmed by the increased insecurity that prevails in working life today. By identifying and explaining those factors which result in job insecurity, and examining how the experience affects individuals, organizations, and unions, the authors wish to expand the body of knowledge concerning job insecurity. Such knowledge can lead to a greater focus on this phenomenon within working life, and result in greater effort being put into understanding how preventative measures can be implemented in the future.
The European Union is increasingly being asked to manage crises inside and outside the Union. From terrorist attacks to financial crises, and natural disasters to international conflicts, many crises today generate pressures to collaborate across geographical and functional boundaries. What capacities does the EU have to manage such crises? Why and how have these capacities evolved? How do they work and are they effective? This book offers an holistic perspective on EU crisis management. It defines the crisis concept broadly and examines EU capacities across policy sectors, institutions and agencies. The authors describe the full range of EU crisis management capacities that can be used for internal and external crises. Using an institutionalization perspective, they explain how these different capacities evolved and have become institutionalized. This highly accessible volume illuminates a rarely examined and increasingly important area of European cooperation.
African civil law countries are traditionally described as monist and common law countries as dualist. This book illustrates that the monism-dualism dichotomy is too simplistic, in particular in the field of human rights. Academics and practitioners from across the continent illustrate how domestic courts in Africa have engaged with international human rights law to interpret or fill gaps in national bills of rights. The authors also consider the challenges encountered in increasing the use of international human rights law by African domestic courts."--Back cover.
The Atlas of PET/CT Imaging in Oncology serves an educational purpose and is designed to teach radiologists and nuclear medicine specialists about important aspects of molecular imaging and nuclear medicine specialists about the benefits of anatomic imaging. It consists of a brief didactic portion and an extensive selection of interesting and challenging case examples. A special feature of the atlas is an interactive CD-ROM that provides the original PET and CT images of each case in selected planes enabling the users to manually adjust the blending intensity of each modality in a fused image. In addition, users can display the clinical history, imaging techniques and diagnostic findings of each case as well as the corresponding specific teaching point.
Combining information on the most important and related technologies in the mobile communications field, this two book package gives the engineer a concise, complete and authoritative introduction to LTE and SAE and The Evolved Packet Core. Written by experts who played a leading role in the development of the standards, this package gives insight into the 'how' and 'why', enabling the professional engineer to implement the technologies that are central to the mobile broadband revolution. Includes details of the standards and technologies with 160 new pages: LTE radio interface architecture, LTE physical layer and LTE access procedures Contains three brand new chapters on LTE: Transmission Procedures, Flexible Bandwidth and LTE Evolution, plus expanded details on the physical layer (total LTE content is 270 pages) Examines the latest developments in the evolution of LTE into IMT-Advanced, the next stage of 3G Evolution Gives clear explanations of the role of OFDM and MIMO technologies in HSPA and LTE Outlines the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) supporting LTE and HSPA evolution Up-to-date coverage of SAE including the latest standards development Easily accessible overview of the architecture and concepts defined by SAE Thorough description of the Evolved Packet Core for LTE, fixed and other wireless accesses Comprehensive explanation of SAE key concepts, security and Quality-of-Service Covers potential service and operator scenarios including interworking with existing 3GPP and 3GPP2 systems Detailed walkthrough of network entities, protocols and procedures Written by established experts in the SAE standardization process, all of whom have extensive experience and understanding of its goals, history and vision
Like other sciences and engineering disciplines, software engineering requires a cycle of model building, experimentation, and learning. Experiments are valuable tools for all software engineers who are involved in evaluating and choosing between different methods, techniques, languages and tools. The purpose of Experimentation in Software Engineering is to introduce students, teachers, researchers, and practitioners to empirical studies in software engineering, using controlled experiments. The introduction to experimentation is provided through a process perspective, and the focus is on the steps that we have to go through to perform an experiment. The book is divided into three parts. The first part provides a background of theories and methods used in experimentation. Part II then devotes one chapter to each of the five experiment steps: scoping, planning, execution, analysis, and result presentation. Part III completes the presentation with two examples. Assignments and statistical material are provided in appendixes. Overall the book provides indispensable information regarding empirical studies in particular for experiments, but also for case studies, systematic literature reviews, and surveys. It is a revision of the authors’ book, which was published in 2000. In addition, substantial new material, e.g. concerning systematic literature reviews and case study research, is introduced. The book is self-contained and it is suitable as a course book in undergraduate or graduate studies where the need for empirical studies in software engineering is stressed. Exercises and assignments are included to combine the more theoretical material with practical aspects. Researchers will also benefit from the book, learning more about how to conduct empirical studies, and likewise practitioners may use it as a “cookbook” when evaluating new methods or techniques before implementing them in their organization.
Here's a complete guide to building reliable component-based software systems. Written by world-renowned experts in the component-based software engineering field, this unique resource helps you manage complex software through the development, evaluation and integration of software components. You quickly develop a keen awareness of the benefits and risks to be considered when developing reliable systems using components. A strong software engineering perspective helps you gain a better understanding of software component design, to build systems with stronger requirements, and avoid typical errors throughout the process, leading to improved quality and time to market. From component definition, standards, objects and frameworks, to organizational development and support of the component-based life cycle, the book describes aspects of systems development using components and component development. It focuses on dependable and real-time systems, employing case studies from the process automation industry, software production, electronic consumer equipment and office software development.
Political parties are essential for the functioning of parliamentary democracy but how have parties adapted to the challenges created by the growth of a new layer of political decision-making at the supranational level, i.e. the EU? This comparative survey focuses on parties in four Nordic countries, including Norway, which remains outside the EU.
In 1948, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is founded by General Kim Il-sung. In 1978, North Korea celebrates the thirtieth anniversary of its founding, and Kim Jong-il, who at the time is the head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department, orders the kidnapping of the greatest South Korean movie star, the actress Madame Choi, and her ex-husband, the famous film director Shin Sang-ok. In 2008, North Korea celebrates its sixtieth anniversary, and Magnus Bärtås and Fredrik Ekman take a bizarre, heavily guided tour to the world’s most isolated country. In All Monster Must Die, authors Magnus Bärtås and Fredrik Ekman weave together these three stories to create a mosaic of North Korea, past and present: from the Japanese occupation to the demarcation of the border at the 38th parallel and the Korean War, the development of North Korean Juche ideology, the establishment of the Kim dynasty’s cult of personality, and the aggressive manufacturing of political propaganda, which motivated the kidnapping of South Korea’s most famous film couple. Intelligent and shocking, this book offers a rare and fascinating window into the “hermit kingdom,” and includes an updated chapter on the passing of Kim Jong-il and the declaration of his son, Kim Jong-un, as supreme leader.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, HSCC 2008, held in St. Louis, MO, USA, in April 2008. The 42 revised full papers and 20 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions for inclusion in the book. The papers focus on research in embedded, reactive systems involving the interplay between symbolic/switching and continuous dynamical behaviors and feature the latest developments of applications and theoretical advancements in the design, analysis, control, optimization, and implementation of hybrid systems, with particular attention to embedded and networked control systems.
This book analyses the increasing use of sport in European and Western welfare states as a tool of social policy and its promotion as a solution to social problems. Midnight Football is a sports-based intervention targeting social inclusion and crime prevention in young people aged 12–25 in Sweden. This book takes a close look at its organization, pedagogy and potential outcomes. Drawing on cutting-edge research into Midnight Football in Sweden, and exploring other community sport programmes including Midnight Basketball in the United States, this book shines new light on broader social transformations regarding urban segregation and social exclusion, social policy and the governing of welfare and social policy. This book also offers new perspectives on how sport and the lives of young people intersect with and shape broader shifts in welfare and social policy in Western states, shifts that are manifested in increased inequality, social polarization and profound changes in urban geographies. This is fascinating reading for anybody with an interest in the relationships between sport and wider society, or in sport development, sport policy, social policy, public policy or youth and social work.
This is an open access book. Europe faces significant challenges in the coming decades: geopolitical, demographic, technological, increased competition, climate-related, and health issues due to an aging population, to mention a few. Given these challenges, technological progress and new ways of handling complex issues will be key to continued prosperity and growth. To accomplish a growth process driven by innovation and entrepreneurship, the institutional environment must take into account a multitude of different policy areas that interact to either strengthen or weaken an economy's innovative potential. Innovation is not only about R&D and higher education but is also intimately related to entrepreneurship. Similarly, entrepreneurship is not only about low start-up costs and favorable tax rates. Hence, a consistent and coordinated policy environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship is required to translate innovation into high-growth firms and macro-level growth. This book presents the basic cornerstones required to provide a policy regime that can nurture such dynamics. The authors draw extensively on empirical analysis of the development of the Swedish economy, which has been transformed from a so-called "sclerosis" state in the 1980s until the early 1990s to an economy characterized by successful entrepreneurship and innovation. This transformation resulted from a reform agenda that has been gradually rolled out, beginning in the mid-1980s. The authors argue that the Swedish experience provides useful lessons for other nations as well.
Strategic Sourcing and Category Management examines how category management works in practice, drawing insight from IKEA. With over twenty-five years' experience of purchasing at IKEA, Magnus Carlsson shares the wisdom gained from devising and executing IKEA's highly successful purchasing strategies. The text is supported by insightful interviews and case studies, which are compared and contrasted with examples from other leading companies. Strategic Sourcing and Category Management answers three critical questions: -When is category management a profitable method and why? -How do category teams create real results? -How can category management be organized and implemented effectively? In answering these three questions, Magnus Carlsson not only presents the guiding principles behind category based sourcing, he also demonstrates how category based sourcing can effectively be implemented in practice and provides guidance on how to realise the benefits of this approach. Cleverly connecting theory and practice, the book draws upon existing and new tools, and applies them in a highly practical context. With application spanning far beyond IKEA, this book is an invaluable resource for procurement professionals in any industry. Strategic Sourcing and Category Management is the result of twenty five years' experience of Strategic Sourcing within IKEA and collaboration with several companies and the Stockholm School of Economics.
Contains twelve articles which explore the epidemiology of HPV, testing strategies for HPV infections, new HPV detection methods and other potential biomarkers that might prove useful in cervical cancer diagnosis. This book includes articles which address the research on biomarkers for cervical cancer.
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