We are at a crossroads in our nation's history and presented with two distinct choices; liberty or tyranny. We either believe in American exceptionalism and the founding principle that man can rule himself. Or we choose a style of governance that centrally plans our very existence. We either believe in the principles espoused by Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Franklin, et al...or we believe in the principles espoused by Marx, Engels, Bismarck, Lenin, et al... Following The Constitutional Convention, Benjamin Franklin said "we have a Republic if we can keep it." A warning against apathy and a call to arms that freedom requires eternal vigilance. Reagan planted his flag and asked, "if not us who, if not now, when?" We are presented with a choice, between a style of government whereby the power is derived from the people and a style of government that usurps all power from the governed. Progressivism is a villainous perfidy and a style of government completely antithetical to our founding principles.
We are at a crossroads in our nation's history and presented with two distinct choices; liberty or tyranny. We either believe in American exceptionalism and the founding principle that man can rule himself. Or we choose a style of governance that centrally plans our very existence. We either believe in the principles espoused by Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Franklin, et al...or we believe in the principles espoused by Marx, Engels, Bismarck, Lenin, et al... Following The Constitutional Convention, Benjamin Franklin said "we have a Republic if we can keep it." A warning against apathy and a call to arms that freedom requires eternal vigilance. Reagan planted his flag and asked, "if not us who, if not now, when?" We are presented with a choice, between a style of government whereby the power is derived from the people and a style of government that usurps all power from the governed. Progressivism is a villainous perfidy and a style of government completely antithetical to our founding principles.
Learners with a VET background experience much higher rates of attrition compared to learners entering HE with academic qualifications. Degrees of Success explores the transition from vocational to higher education, and outlines what more can be done to support and provide improved access to HE for these learners.
The movement toward greater openness represents a change of philosophy, ethos, and government and a set of interrelated and complex changes that transform markets altering the modes of production and consumption, ushering in a new era based on the values of openness: an ethic of sharing and peer-to-peer collaboration enabled through new architectures of participation. These changes indicate a broader shift from the underlying industrial mode of production—a “productionist” metaphysics—to a postindustrial mode of consumption as use, reuse, and modification where new logics of social media structure different patterns of cultural consumption and symbolic analysis becomes a habitual and daily creative activity. The economics of openness constructs a new language of “presuming” and “produsage” in order to capture the open participation, collective co-creativity, communal evaluation, and commons-based production of social and public goods. Information is the vital element in the “new” politics and economy that links space, knowledge, and capital in networked practices and freedom is the essential ingredient in this equation if these network practices are to develop or transform themselves into 'knowledge cultures'. The Virtues of Openness investigates the social processes and policies that foster openness as an overriding educational value evidenced in the growth of open source, open access, and open education and their convergences that characterize global knowledge communities. The book argues that openness seems also to suggest political transparency and the norms of open inquiry, indeed, even democracy itself as both the basis of the logic of inquiry and the dissemination of its results. The Virtues of Openness examines the complex history of the concept of the open society before beginning a systematic investigation of openness in relation to the book, the “open text” and the written word. These changes are discussed in relation to the development of new open spaces of scholarship with their impact upon open journal systems, open peer review, open science, and the open global digital economy.
This book tackles some of the most important educational questions of the day... It is rare to find a book on education which is theoretically sophisticated and practically relevant: this book is.' From the Foreword by Hugh Lauder What is it in the twenty-first century that we want young people, and adults returning to study, to know? What is it about the kind of knowledge that people can acquire at school, college or university that distinguishes it from the knowledge that people acquire in their everyday lives everyday lives, at work, and in their families? Bringing Knowledge Back In draws on recent developments in the sociology of knowledge to propose answers to these key, but often overlooked, educational questions. Michael Young traces the changes in his own thinking about the question of knowledge in education since his earlier books Knowledge and Control and The Curriculum of the Future. He argues for the continuing relevance of the writings of Durkheim and Vygotsky and the unique importance of Basil Bernstein’s often under-appreciated work. He illustrates the importance of questions about knowledge by investigating the dilemmas faced by researchers and policy makers in a range of fields. He also considers the broader issue of the role of sociologists in relation to educational policy in the context of increasingly interventionist governments. In so doing, the book: provides conceptual tools for people to think and debate about knowledge and education in new ways provides clear expositions of difficult ideas at the interface of epistemology and the sociology of knowledge makes explicit links between theoretical issues and practical /policy questions offers a clear focus for the future development of the sociology of education as a key field within educational studies. This compelling and provocative book will be essential reading for anyone involved in research and debates about the curriculum as well as those with a specific interest in the sociology of education.
Annotation A powerful examination of the rightist resurgence in education and the challenges it presents to concerned educators, "Official Knowledge" analyzes the effects of conservative beliefs and strategies on educational policy and practice. Now revised and updated to reflect the very latest developments in the realm of education and policy, Apple looks specifically at the conservative agenda's incursion into education through curriculum, textbook adoption policies and the efforts of the private and business sectors to centralize their interests within schools. At the same time, however, he points out areas of hope for the future, showing how students and teachers have continued the struggle and are now successfully engaged in building more democratic education policies and practices. Finally, Apple writes in personal terms about his own teaching techniques and work with students both of which challenge some of the ideological and educational policies and practices of the Right.
This book presents a new way for educators at all levels - from early years to university - to think about curriculum priorities. It focuses on the curriculum as a form of specialised knowledge, optimally designed to enable students to gain access to the best knowledge available in any field. Papers jointly written by the authors over the last eight years are revised for this volume. It draws on the sociology of knowledge and in particular the work of Emile Durkheim and Basil Bernstein, opening up the possibilities for collaborative inter-disciplinary enquiry with historians, philosophers and psychologists. Although primarily directed to researchers, university teachers and graduate students, its arguments about specialised knowledge have profound implications for policy makers.
Recent years have seen dramatic developments in the way schools are structured and much greater emphasis placed on managing your school effectively. Every education professional knows how demanding these new methods can be, but they can also reinforce a sense of purpose and control. Senior Management Teams in Primary Schools looks at how positive teamwork can be achieved within your school and illustrates the benefits it brings. Most teachers involved in managing their school will recognise the situations detailed in the case studies contained in the book - the forceful head, the overworked middle managers, the meetings that try to wade through the mountains of administration that face the modern teacher. You will find practical advice, clear guidelines, case studies from schools that are involved in the process of good practice. This book will organise you in your approach and ensure that you reap the benefits of teamwork while avoiding the pitfalls.
′This text will be of great use to postgraduate researchers in education, social work and nursing, and any practitioner involved in carrying out research with children and young people′ - CPD Update ′[T]here is a sense of newness and innovation about the book, whereby the reader is treated to insight into the life and work of collaborators who wrote each case study....[T]he book is highly accessible for students at graduate and undergraduate level, for example BA (Hons) Early Childhood Studies students′ - ESCalate Researching with Children and Young People covers every stage of the process of doing a research project, from research design and data collection, through to analysis and writing up. The book is divided into three sections, in which the authors cover: - Introducing research and consultation with children and young people - Collecting and analysing data - Whole-project issues. Each chapter includes activities, discussion questions, tips and extended case studies to help the reader to engage with the material and investigate the practical implications. This text will be of great use to postgraduate researchers in education, social work and nursing, and any practitioner involved in carrying out research with children and young people.
Russia, once seen as America's greatest adversary, is now viewed by the United States as a potential partner. This book traces the evolution of American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union, and later Russia, during the tumultuous and uncertain period following the end of the cold war. It examines how American policymakers—particularly in the executive branch—coped with the opportunities and challenges presented by the new Russia. Drawing on extensive interviews with senior U.S. and Russian officials, the authors explain George H. W. Bush's response to the dramatic coup of August 1991 and the Soviet breakup several months later, examine Bill Clinton's efforts to assist Russia's transformation and integration, and analyze George W. Bush's policy toward Russia as September 11 and the war in Iraq transformed international politics. Throughout, the book focuses on the benefits and perils of America's efforts to promote democracy and markets in Russia as well as reorient Russia from security threat to security ally. Understanding how three U.S. administrations dealt with these critical policy questions is vital in assessing not only America's Russia policy, but also efforts that might help to transform and integrate other former adversaries in the future.
′A splendid read. Via interviews with several Secretaries of State for Education and a supporting analytical commentary, Education Policy provides a fascinating insight and historical appraisal of English policy rationale′ -Dr David Kitchener, Reader in Education, University of Bolton ′This book should be compulsory reading, not only for people interested in the history of education policy but also for policy makers, to remind them of what has gone before′ -Dr Andrew Townsend, University of Nottingham From Butler to Balls and beyond, this essential book illuminates educational issues in England and Wales since WWII, drawing on extensive documentary evidence. Inside you will find in-depth interviews with former Secretaries of State for Education and other key decision-makers, including: - Ed Balls - David Blunkett - Michael Gove - Alan Johnson - Ruth Kelly The interviews cover the historical context of their period of office and the lasting legacy of their policies. This is a must-read for Masters-level students on Education courses and PGCE programmes, and will be valuable to undergraduates studying modern history and social policy. Ian Abbott is Director of the Warwick Institute of Education. Mike Rathbone was previously Director of Continuing Professional Development in the Institute of Education. Phil Whitehead is the course leader for the secondary PGCE (Teach First). All are at the University of Warwick.
Postal service has received considerably less attention in the economics literature than traditional public utilities. Postal service is facing some very important challenges arising out of the increasingly high-tech nature of postal service, the entry of competition into the business, and new attitudes on the part of government to postal service. In the United Kingdom and Germany the increased interest in privatization and recognition of the benefits of competition are likely to have an impact on postal service. These challenges mean that postal managers must learn new ways of doing business, not just in successfully introducing new hardware and in new internal operating procedures, but also in the development of new pricing and costing methodologies and in the introduction of new management information systems. In order to deal with these new developments managers need a solid foundation in applied microeconomic theory as it relates to postal service. This book encompasses the theoretical foundation for postal policy, particularly with regard to pricing, service quality, and competitive issues.
`It should be essential reading at the National College for School Leadership′ - Michael Duffy, Times Educational Supplement, Friday Magazine `This book continues Michael Bottery′s principled and persuasive assault on the application by policymakers of fashionable, shallow and decontextualised solutions (in this case leadership) to fundamental problems and issues in the definition, design and purposes of education. It is distinguished by its embeddedness in wider social science ideas and debates, enabling the challenges that schools and teachers face to be set in context, and by its sharp assessment of the impact of decades of the erosion of trust and meaning on educational work′ - Jenny Ozga, Professor of Educational Research, Centre for Educational Sociology, University of Edinburgh In this book Mike Bottery presents critical issues about the purposes of educational leadership. He examines how `official′ concepts of leadership are driven by demands which are not always to the educational, political, or social benefit of practitioners. This book will help educational leaders and aspiring educational leaders to examine their own values and practice.
This timely and accessible book examines two waves of business influence that created models of schooling that are out of touch with the experiences of students, the professional expertise of teachers, and the needs and interests of local communities. The book also describes the forms of resistance that are currently emerging to fight for the democratic mission of a public education. Building on these promising efforts, the authors present a vision for a new democratic professional that is grounded in participatory communities of practice, as well as advocacy for and input from school communities. More than a critique of the state of education, this volume demonstrates how educators can build coalitions and advocate for policies and practices that respect their experience and knowledge and that support their students and communities. “This book advocates for democratic and equitable public schools with concrete, evidence-driven policies and practices.” —Janelle Scott, University of California, Berkeley “An important and accessible book that should be read by public educators at all levels.” —Ken Zeichner, University of Washington “Outlines a clear path forward for resisting counterproductive reforms.” —Tina Trujillo, University of California, Berkeley
Education and Social Dynamics offers a new approach to analyzing curriculum change by investigating the entanglement of education and society in markedly heterogeneous Turkey, which has recently witnessed nation-wide curriculum reforms. While the new curriculum has attempted to homogenize all Turkish primary schools since 2005, Nohl and Somel, drawing on a theoretical differentiation of social entities, reveal how subsequent curricular practices have had to account for the diversity of milieus and organizations in the nation’s educational sector, and how inequality and competition run rampant in the standardization efforts. Using expert interviews, group discussions, and other empirical data that compare instructional practices within five distinct schools, the book represents a breakthrough in our understanding of developments in Turkey and their significance for extant theories of curriculum development and reform worldwide. By linking specific case study material from Turkey to intensifying international concerns, it provides an important and relevant global commentary.
First published in 1987, this research provides insight on the political economy of schooling and includes an analysis of power as they operate both within and outside of schools in the construction of class and gender relations. This is part of a series of volumes that have begun to enquire into the relationship between the curriculum and teaching that is found in our formal institutions of education, and unequal power in society.
In this book Apple explores the 'conservative restoration' - the rightward turn of a broad-based coalition that is making successful inroads in determining American and international educational policy. It takes a pragmatic look at what critical educators can do to build alternative coalitions and policies that are more democratic. Apple urges this group to extricate itself from its reliance on the language of possibility in order to employ pragmatic analyses that address the material realities of social power.
A detailed study of all aspects of mentoring in PE. The views of teachers in the UK, Australia and the USA are combined to discuss issues such as the need of PE mentors in schools, planning mentor training programmes and trainees' experiences of mentoring.
The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction is the first book in 15 years to comprehensively cover the field of curriculum and instruction. Editors F. Michael Connelly, Ming Fang He, and JoAnn Phillion, along with contributors from around the world, synthesize the diverse, real-world matters that define the field. This long-awaited Handbook aims to advance the study of curriculum and instruction by re-establishing continuity within the field while acknowledging its practical, contextual, and theoretical diversity. Key Features Offers a practical vision of the field: Defines three divisions—school curriculum subject matter, curriculum and instruction topics and preoccupations, and general curriculum theory. Presents the breadth and diversity of the field: A focus on the diversity of problems, practices, and solutions, as well as continuity over time, illustrates modern curriculum and instruction while understanding historical origins. Gives an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary focus: Offers a new way of interpreting the history of curriculum studies, which connects past, present, and future, leading to more productive links between practice, policy, and politics. Intended Audience This Handbook contributes to stronger ties between school practice, public debate, policy making, and university scholarship, making it a valuable resource for professors, graduate students, and practitioners in the field of education. It is an excellent choice for graduate courses in Curriculum and Instruction, Curriculum Theory and Development, Curriculum Studies, Teacher Education, and Educational Administration and Leadership. List of Contributors Mel Ainscow Kathryn Anderson-Levitt Rodino Anderson Michael Apple Kathryn Au William Ayers Rishi Bagrodia Cherry McGee Banks Nina Bascia Gert Biesta Donald Blumenfeld-Jones Patty Bode Robert E. Boostrom Keffrelyn D. Brown Elaine Chan Marilyn Cochran-Smith Carola Conle F. Michael Connelly Geraldine Anne-Marie Connelly Alison Cook-Sather Cheryl J. Craig Larry Cuban Jim Cummins Kelly Demers Zongyi Deng Donna Deyhle Elliot Eisner Freema Elbaz Robin Enns Frederick Erickson Manuel Espinoza Joe Farrell Michelle Fine Chris Forlin Jeffrey Frank Barry Franklin Michael Fullan Jim Garrison Ash Hartwell Ming Fang He Geneva Gay David T. Hansen Margaret Haughey John Hawkins David Hopkins Stefan Hopmann Kenneth Howe Philip Jackson Carla Johnson Susan Jurow Eugenie Kang Stephen Kerr Craig Kridel Gloria Ladson-Billings John Chi-kin Lee Stacey Lee Benjamin Levin Anne Lieberman Allan Luke Ulf Lundgren Teresa L. McCarty Gary McCulloch Barbara Means Geoffrey Milburn Janet Miller Sonia Nieto Kiera Nieuwejaar Pedro Noguera J. Wesley Null Jeannie Oakes Lynne Paine JoAnn Phillion William F. Pinar Margaret Placier Therese Quinn John Raible Bill Reese Virginia Richardson Fazel Rizvi Vicki Ross Libby Scheiern Candace Schlein William Schubert Edmund Short Jeffrey Shultz Patrick Slattery Roger Slee Linda Tuhiwai Smith Joi Spencer James Spillane Tracy Stevens David Stovall Karen Swisher Carlos Alberto Torres Ruth Trinidad Wiel Veugelers Ana María Villegas Sophia Villenas Leonard Waks Kevin G. Welner Ian Westbury Geoff Whitty Shi Jing Xu
In response to enormous recent advances, particularly in molecular biology, the authors have revised their warmly received work. This new edition includes updates on seed development, gene expression, dormancy, and other subjects. It will serve as the field's standard textbook and reference source for many years to come.
The book rejects the politics of power as inimical to the very becoming of the human and posits the politics of strength as a new possibility that breaks with the plantation system of organized violence and vampiric wealth production.
First Published in 1998. There is a current preoccupation with educational standards with claims that overall standards of achievement have fallen. The purpose of this book, therefore, is to address the question of how children learn across the primary National Curriculum subjects, with implications for effective teaching approaches. The book emphasises a constructivist view of learning, which acknowledges that children have views and attitudes which are formed as a result of experiences in and out of school and that these must be taken into account if meaningful and transferable learning is to be achieved.
The nature of Higher Education in the UK has changed over the last three decades. Academics can no longer be said to carry out their work in 'ivory towers', as increasing government intervention and a growing 'target culture' has changed the way they work. Increasingly universities have transformed from 'communities of scholars' to 'workplaces'. The organization and administration of universities has seen a corresponding prevalence of ideas and strategies drawn from the 'New Public Management' ideology in response, promoting a more 'business-focussed' approach in the management of public services. This book examines the issues that these changes have had on academics, both as the 'knowledge-workers' managed, and the 'manager-academic'. It draws on a detailed study of academics holding management roles ranging from Head of Department to Vice Chancellor in sixteen UK universities, exploring their career histories and trajectories, and providing extensive accounts of their values, practices, relationships with others, and their training and development as managers. Drawing on debates around 'New Public Management', knowledge management, and knowledge workers, the wider implications of these themes for policy innovation and strategy in HE and the public sector more generally are considered, developing a critical response to recent approaches to managing public services, and practical suggestions for improvements which could be made to the training and support of senior and middle managers in universities. The book will be of interest to all teaching, researching, or managing in Higher Education, Education policy-makers, and academics and researchers concerned with Public Management, Knowledge Management, or Higher Education.
This text provides a solid intellectual grounding in the area of qualitative research. It examines theoretical underpinnings, methodological perspectives and empirical approaches.
This multi-authored collection covers the methodology and philosophy of collective writing. It is based on a series of articles written by the authors in Educational Philosophy and Theory, Open Review of Educational Research and Knowledge Cultures to explore the concept of collective writing. This tenth volume in the Editor's Choice series provides insights into the philosophy of academic writing and peer review, peer production, collective intelligence, knowledge socialism, openness, open science and intellectual commons. This collection represents the development of the philosophy, methodology and philosophy of collective writing developed in the last few years by members of the Editors’ Collective (EC), who also edit, review and contribute to Educational Philosophy and Theory (EPAT), as well as to PESA Agora, edited by Tina Besley, and Access, edited by Nina Hood, two PESA ‘journals’ recently developed by EC members. This book develops the philosophy, methodology and pedagogy of collective writing as a new mode of academic writing as an alternative to the normal academic article. The philosophy of collective writing draws on a new mode of academic publishing that emphasises the metaphysics of peer production and open review along with the main characteristics of openness, collaboration, co-creation and co-social innovation, peer review and collegiality that have become a praxis for the self-reflection emphasising the subjectivity of writing, sometimes called self-writing. This collection, under the EPAT series Editor’s Choice, draws on a group of members of the Editors’ Collective,who constitute a network of editors, reviewers and authors who established the organisation to further the aims of innovation in academic writing and publishing. It provides discussion and examples of the philosophy, methodology and pedagogy of collective writing. Split into three sections: Introduction, Openness and Projects, this volume offers an introduction to the philosophy and methodology of collective writing. It will be of interest to scholars in philosophy of education and those interested in the process of collective writing.
Big cities have mostly failed in their efforts to reform public schools. This book shows why, and offers a framework for achieving future success. Fullan and Boyle, internationally renowned thinkers on school change, demonstrate that while the educational challenges of big cities can be overwhelming, they are not insurmountable. They identify six essential "push" and "pull" actions that can enable big school systems to improve student achievement. Leaders need to push to challenge the staus quo, convey a high sense of urgency, and have the courage needed to intervene. But they need to also pull together to create a commonly owned strategy, develop a profesisonal power of capital, and attend to sustainability. Examining three major cities, New York, Toronto, and London, through the decade of 2002 - 2012. this book weaves case studies with careful analysis and recommendations to hone in on which policies and strategies generate quality implementation that in turn raise the bar for all students and reduce the gap for the disadvantaged. Big-City School Reforms offers invaluable advice to those leading the next phase of school reform in cities around the world.
The author presents an argument for a system of social insurance that replaces welfare with a Guaranteed Adequate Income. The book reviews public assistance programmes, and evaluates other plans that have been proposed.
This volume presents perspectives on spatially construed knowledge systems and their struggle to interrelate. Western social sciences tend to be wrapped up in very specific, exclusionary discourses, and Northern and Southern knowledge systems are sidelined. Spatial Social Thought reimagines the social sciences as a place of encounter between all spatially bound, parochial knowledge systems.
This book will address the leadership challenge of creating an environment for the development needs of 21st century students. These students need to be globally aware, flexible in approach, and to develop transferable, multi-skills across a wide spectrum of employment opportunities. They also need to be numerate, have highly defined social and communication skills and have an Information and Communication Technology skill base embedded within all that they do. In order to create the appropriate learning environment, every organisation must address as a first priority the way it is led. Schools must second guess needs for the future and put robust structures in place to facilitate those needs. This book will show how such a culture change is possible, note the barriers encountered and the successes achieved, both within schools and other organisations. Schools are one member of a group partnership with parents, employers, society and the students themselves - all of whom are charged with making this change happen. For this reason, the book looks at a number of business organisations to see what leadership lessons can be learned by both sides in this process of transformation.
‘Here is a book for our times: a study in three countries of the relationship between teacher education and the universities. An Englishman looks at France; a Frenchman at the USA and two Americans at England, with the whole introduced and rounded off by Harry Judge, who was also the interlocutor of France ... It is a notable addition to the Oxford Studies in Comparative Education.’ John Tomlinson, Director of the Institute of Education, University of Warwick, The Times Educational Supplement ‘... this is an outstanding book on several levels. ... it is a worthwhile read for audiences well beyond those directly involved in teacher education. It will be of particular interest to researchers and students of comparative education. At a time when politicians seem bent on importing educational practices from other countries, it reminds us that there are no easy “lessons” to be learnt through international comparisons and that we cannot suppose that what is identified as good practice in one country can easily be imported elsewhere without taking into account the cultural context within which it is successful.’ Marilyn Osborn, University of Bristol, Comparative Education ‘The book is beautifully and engagingly written, enlivened by the authors’ efforts to make sense of that which is foreign to their personal educational experiences. The narratives are rich in detail and insights about the forms of teacher education and the cultural logic of their suitability. The chapters provoke “thought experiments” of a kind that are suggestive of outcomes for university-based teacher education if reforms currently proposed in one nation prove to be similar to long-standing practices in the others.’ Frank B. Murray, University of Delaware, Comparative Education Review The work recorded in this book was undertaken over four years, with support from the Spencer Foundation of Chicago and under the direction of Harry Judge of the University of Oxford. Michel Lemosse teaches at the University of Nice, and Lynn Paine & Michael Sedlak at Michigan State University.
These papers aim to provide a substantial review of the literature pertaining to a comprehensive range of traditional and contemporary research paradigms and research methods. The book is designed as a reference work for novice researchers in the fields of geographical and environmental education.
This textbook is a comprehensive guide for students interested in using participatory research to improve people’s health and well-being. It is especially designed for those working in the fields of health and social welfare who are embarking on participatory research for the first time. It covers all phases in participatory research from “getting started,” to “acting for change,” “continuing the journey” and “articulating impact.” Its unique format helps readers understand the essence of participatory research as a comprehensive approach for doing research which is underpinned by a set of fundamental values.The many real life examples of participatory research projects from around the world inspire readers to find creative ways to manage their own research while opening up new horizons in their work.
For more than three decades Michael Apple has sought to uncover and articulate the connections among knowledge, teaching and power in education. In this collection, Michael brings together 13 of his key writings in one place, providing an overview not just of his own career but the larger development of the field.
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.There is a broad consensus across European states and the EU that social and economic inequality is a problem that needs to be addressed. Yet inequality policy is notoriously complex and contested. This book approaches the issue from two linked perspectives. First, a focus on functional requirementshighlights what policymakers think they need to deliver policy successfully, and the gap between their requirements and reality. We identify this gap in relation to the theory and practice of policy learning, and to multiple sectors, to show how it manifests in health, education, and gender equitypolicies. Second, a focus on territorial politics highlights how the problem is interpreted at different scales, subject to competing demands to take responsibility. This contestation and spread of responsibilities contributes to different policy approaches across spatial scales. We conclude thatgovernments promote many separate equity initiatives, across territories and sectors, without knowing if they are complementary or contradictory. This outcome could reflect the fact that ambiguous policy problems and complex policymaking processes are beyond the full knowledge or control ofgovernments. It could also be part of a strategy to make a rhetorically radical case while knowing that they will translate into safer policies. It allows them to replace debates on values, regarding whose definition of equity matters and which inequalities to tolerate, with more technicaldiscussions of policy processes. Governments may be offering new perspectives on spatial justice or new ways to reduce political attention to inequalities.
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