M. Sela's Books

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

By: W. Arber,W. Braun,F. Cramer,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,W. Kikuth,P. Koldowsky,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H.-G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

By: W. Arber,W. Braun,F. Cramer,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,W. Kikuth,P. Koldowsky,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H.-G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

Ever since arbovirus infections became known and their relative importance assessed, experiments were designed to elucidate the mode of transmission and the most important natural hosts responsible for perpetuating the infection in nature. Human infections and the disease in wild rodents, birds, and domestic animals were studied in relation to viremia and distribution of the infectious agent in the organism. With increasing epidemiological studies it became apparent that the neural manifestations of the disease are very uncommon, confined only to a small percentage of individuals of the most susceptible species. Various factors have been proposed to explain why in certain instances the virus becomes establish ed in the central nervous system and causes a serious or lethal disease. For example, differences in the virulence of the virus strains, varying susceptibility of individuals of one species, or intercurrent circumstances facilitating access of the virus to the central nervous system were alleged. Also, various possible routes of entry of the virus into the brain and spinal cord have been considered.

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237

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Springer Science & Business Media

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ISBN 10

3642461182

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9783642461187

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Volume 61

By: W. Arber,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Volume 61

By: W. Arber,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

At the end of the last century and the beginning of this century, the prob lems of immunity in lower vertebrates and the influence of environmental temperature attracted attention for the first time (ERNST, 1890; WIDAL and SICARD, 1897; METCHNIKOFF, 1901). However, relatively little work has been done on this subject until recently. The early investigators were chiefly in terested in the immuno-pathological problems. They immunized various species of lower vertebrates essentially with bacterial vaccines; agglutinating, neutralizing and protective antibodies were detected in their blood. The in fluence of environmental temperature on the immune response was investigated, since this subject represented great economical and theoretical importance. Epizootic diseases were observed to occur in relation to the cold season of the year, when the decrease or spontaneous increase of water temperature occurred (SCHAPERCLAUS, 1965; BESSE et al. , 1965; KLONTZ et al. , 1965 WOOD,1966). The immunological deficiency of fish, caused by their natural or experimental stay in cold water, is now evident for both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review we will focus on two points: We shall attempt (1) to explain the mechanism by which the environmental temperature influences the immune resistance of fish to pathogens, (2) to determine the chronological location of this temperature-sensitive stage in the process of antibody formation, and to make some approaches to the general antibody formation mechanism.

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211

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ISBN 10

3642655319

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9783642655319

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Volume 70

By: W. Arber,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,J. H. Humphrey,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Volume 70

By: W. Arber,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,J. H. Humphrey,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt

The processes involved in herpesvirus replication, latency, and oncogenic transformation, have, in general, been rather poorly defined. A primary reason for this is the size and complexity of the herpesvirus genome. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the functions of the viral genome in infected and transformed cells will be achieved through studies with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of herpesviruses since, theoretically, any essential gene function can be affected by mutants of this type. A. The Herpesviruses A consideration of the genetic analysis of members of the herpesvirus group necessitates a description, albeit brief, of the properties of the group and, most importantly, of their genetic material. The herpesviruses comprise a group of relatively large (100-150 nm), enveloped viruses. The envelope surrounds an icosahedral capsid enclosing a core which contains double stranded DNA (ROIZMAN, 1969). The group is thus defined on the basis of a common virion morphology. In addition to a common structure, members of the group share a number of biological properties such as a similar replicative cycle, the ability to cause latent and chronic infections, and the ability to induce antigenic modifications of infected cell membranes. Several herpes viruses have been associated recently with malignancies in man and animals (KLEIN, 1972). Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and have been described in over 30 different species (HUNT and MELENDEZ, 1969; WILDY, 1971; FARLEY et aI. , 1972; KAZAMA and SCHORNSTEIN, 1972; NAHMIAS et aI. , 1972; ROlZMAN et aI. , 1973). Their widespread occurrence in nature suggests a common ancestor.

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3642661017

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9783642661013

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Volume 62

By: W. Arber,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Volume 62

By: W. Arber,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

General aspects of nucleic acid uptake by mammalian cells have been the subject of several reviews during the last few years (PAGANO, 1970; BHARGAVA and SHANMUGAM, 1971; DUBES, 1971; RYSER, 1967). These reviews covered methods used for the infection of cells by viral nucleic acids as well as interaction of mammalian cells with non-viral nucleic acids. This article is restricted to a discussion of experiments with poliovirus RNA and focuses special attention on the steps following the uptake of RNA into a cell, aspects that were not discussed in earlier review articles. The fate of input RNA once inside the cell is determined by the host cell but experimental conditions can be chosen to favor the survival of input RNA and the induction of a virus growth cycle by interfering with host-cell meta bolism through events that, in the case of infection with intact virus, might be controlled by viral proteins.

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170

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3642657729

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9783642657726

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung Volume 59

By: W. Arber,W. Braun,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Svru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung Volume 59

By: W. Arber,W. Braun,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Svru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

Influenza continues to be one of the major epidemic diseases of man and is, in fact, his only remaining pandemic disease (BEVERIDGE, 1969). This is largely because influenza virus undergoes extreme antigenic variation, the mechanism of which is still poorly understood. Two kinds of antigenic variation occur in influenza viruses, antigenic drift and major antigenic shifts; both involve chan ges in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens on the surface of the virus. Antigenic drift, which involves gradual changes in the surface antigens of influenza virus, is thought to result from the selection by an immune popula tion of mutant virus particles with altered antigenic determinants. These mutants therefore possess a growth advantage in the presence of antibody (FRAN CIS and MAASSAB, 1965; ARCHETTI and HORSFALL, 1950; HAMRE et aI., 1958). It has been shown that antigenic mutants isolated in vitro by selection with antibody have changes in amino acid sequence in the polypeptides of the hem agglutinin subunits (LAVER and WEBSTER, 1968) and it is likely that antigenic drift in the neuraminidase occurs by the same mechanism.

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250

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3642654444

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9783642654442

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

By: W. Arber,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,J. H. Humphrey,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

By: W. Arber,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,J. H. Humphrey,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt

Expression of an immune response is the net result of complex synergis tic and antagonistic activities performed by a variety of cell types. It includes macrophages, T and B populations which may interact in performance of a response, and suppressor cells interfering with it. Accordingly, a lack of res ponse may not necessarily indicate absence of immunocompetent cells, but rather nonexpression of competence. Thus, one should consider two possible situations, which are by no means mutually exclusive, to account for immuno logic unresponsiveness: (a) one or more of the cell populations composing the synergistic unit is absent or immature, and (b) an antagonistic unit which interferes with the response is dominating. In view of this, an approach to development of immune reactivity necessitates parallel surveys of development of cells with the potential to perform, as well as of cells which can suppress the response. Classification of the various cell types has been based so far on their phenotypic properties (e. g. , membrane antigen markers, cell receptors, pro duction and secretion of immunoglobulins, etc. ). Genotypically, T and B cells may represent either separate, independent cell lines, or different stages of development within the same cell lineage.

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204

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3642665306

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9783642665301

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung Volume 57

By: W. Arber,W. Braun,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung Volume 57

By: W. Arber,W. Braun,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

Phenomena as diverse as tuberculin sensitivity, delayed sensitivity to soluble proteins other than tuberculin, contact allergy, homograft rejection, experimental autoallergies, and the response to many microorganisms, have been classified as members of the class of immune reactions known as delayed or cellular hypersensitivity. Similarities in time course, histology, and absence of detectable circulating immunoglobulins characterize these cell-mediated immune reactions in vivo. The state of delayed or cellular hypersensitivity can be transferred from one animal to another by means of sensitized living lymphoid cells (CHASE, 1945; LANDSTEINER and CHASE, 1942; MITCHISON, 1954). The responsible cell has been described by GOWANS (1965) as a small lymphocyte. Passive transfer has also been achieved in the human with extracts of sensitized cells (LAWRENCE, 1959). The in vivo characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity from which the class derives its name is the delayed skin reaction. When an antigen is injected intradermally into a previously immunized animal, the typical delayed reaction begins to appear after 4 hours, reaches a peak at 24 hours, and fades after 48 hours. It is grossly characterized by induration, erythyma, and occasionally necrosis. The histology of the delayed reaction has been studied by numerous investigators (COHEN et al. , 1967; GELL and HINDE, 1951; KOSUNEN, 1966; KOSUNEN et al. , 1963; MCCLUSKEY et al. , 1963; WAKSMAN, 1960; WAKSMAN, 1962). Initially dilatation of the capillaries with exudation of fluid and cells occurs.

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232

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3642652972

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9783642652974

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Volume 71

By: W. Arber,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,J. H. Humphrey,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Volume 71

By: W. Arber,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,J. H. Humphrey,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt

The processes involved in herpesvirus replication, latency, and oncogenic transformation, have, in general, been rather poorly defined. A primary reason for this is the size and complexity of the herpesvirus genome. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the functions of the viral genome in infected and transformed cells will be achieved through studies with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of herpesviruses since, theoretically, any essential gene function can be affected by mutants of this type. A. The Herpesviruses A consideration of the genetic analysis of members of the herpesvirus group necessitates a description, albeit brief, of the properties of the group and, most importantly, of their genetic material. The herpesviruses comprise a group of relatively large (100-150 nm), enveloped viruses. The envelope surrounds an icosahedral capsid enclosing a core which contains doubleƯ stranded DNA (ROIZMAN, 1969). The group is thus defined on the basis of a common virion morphology. In addition to a common structure, members of the group share a number of biological properties such as a similar replicative cycle, the ability to cause latent and chronic infections, and the ability to induce antigenic modifications of infected cell membranes. Several herpesƯ viruses have been associated recently with malignancies in man and animals (KLEIN, 1972). Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and have been described in over 30 different species (HUNT and MELENDEZ, 1969; WILDY, 1971; FARLEY et aI., 1972; KAZAMA and SCHORNSTEIN, 1972; NAHMIAS et aI., 1972; ROlZMAN et aI., 1973). Their widespread occurrence in nature suggests a common ancestor.

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178

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3642661939

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

By: W. Arber,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,J. H. Humphrey,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

By: W. Arber,R. Haas,W. Henle,P. H. Hofschneider,J. H. Humphrey,N. K. Jerne,P. Koldovský,H. Koprowski,O. Maaløe,R. Rott,H. G. Schweiger,M. Sela,L. Syru?ek,P. K. Vogt,E. Wecker

Prominent progress in molecular biology was only made when it became possible to separate functionally distinct molecules by taking advantage of their biophysical properties. Likewise, the analysis of the functions of hetero geneous populations of immunocompetent cells, as to the functional properties of their various subpopulations, can not be done until these can be isolated in reasonably pure form by selective fractionation. During the last few years significant advances have been made in this field, and cells have been separated according to size, density or charge (MILLER et aI. , 1969; SHORTMAN, 1968; ANDERSSON, 1973 c), or by taking advantage of more specific surface markers to allow selective depletion or enrichment of a given subpopulation of cells (WIGZELL and ANDERSSON, 1971). Although separation techniques have been used in a variety of cellular systems, they have been particularly useful in the study of reticuloendothelial cells and primarily in the study of cells partici pating in the immune responses. Quite extensive reviews have been written which well cover the methods used for separation of cells and the results obtained with the various approaches (WIGZELL and ANDERSSON, 1971; SHORTMAN, 1972). To review this work is becoming a more and more voluminous task. As data rapidly accumulate, we will not try to make such a complete review.

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162

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ISBN 10

3540068384

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9783540068389

Book's by M. Sela

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

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