This volume is a compilation of information relating to the "what, "where," and "when" of the refining industry in the former USSR. It contains a comprehensive collection of up-to-date intelligence on former USSR refineries, including history, process flow description, lists of process units, design and actual (as of 1996) capacities. The book reviews research and engineering companies involved in the petroleum refinery and petrochemical business, covering the evaluation of FSU crude oils, commercial petroleum products, refinery process units, characteristics of off-site facilities, and much more. A large part of the book is devoted to equipment and materials employed in the FSU refineries. The handbook represents specifications and regulations that are effective for personnel and plant safety, and for environmental concerns.
Inventions, such as new tools, devices, processes, and medicines, have provided significant benefits to society. Inventions help people around the world live longer, healthier, and more-productive lives and provide new ways to build, move, communicate, heal, learn, and play. Understanding and clearly communicating the value of invention can help policymakers appreciate the benefits of supporting the development of inventions and of addressing inequities that suppress the development of female and minority inventors. In this report, researchers use the inventions of Lemelson-MIT Prize winners as examples to illustrate the scientific, technological, economic, and social impacts that inventions can have on society. The impacts of this group's inventions are considered through evaluation of all prize winners in aggregate and through individual case studies of the prize winners from three particular years. Researchers highlight the substantial benefits to society, both nationally and globally, that have been provided by these inventors' works. The inventions discussed in this report have spawned new products, companies, and, in some cases, entirely new industries. Research also demonstrates that there are many different paths to the successful development and commercialization of inventions, with the success or failure of new inventions not always being entirely under the inventor's control.
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