Construal presents a new theory of sentence processing, one that allows a limited type of underspecification in the syntactic analysis of sentences. It extends what has arguably been the dominant theory of parsing (the garden-path theory developed by Lyn Frazier and colleagues) through the 1980s into new and previously unexplored domains, and greatly advances the potential for insights into how meaning is both made and understood. Frazier and Clifton, both pioneers in parsing theory, present new psycholinguistic theory and experimentation concerning how "nonprimary" phrases are analyzed in sentence comprehension. They define a process of "construal" and show how it accounts for cases in which the parser does not fully determine structure during the course of ordinary comprehension. The idea of construal arises in part through the authors' critical review of the challenges to their established framework for research on structural parsing. While they demonstrate that the principles of parsing theory remain valid for a wide variety of languages and grammatical constructions, they go beyond them to clearly identify those types of constructions built by the process of construal. Frazier and Clifton show that construal follows distinct principles, and they flesh out their hypothesis with previously unexamined evidence and new empirical tests.
At present there exists no empirically-motivated theory of how perceivers assign a grammatically-permissible interpretation to a sentence. Implicit in many investigations of language comprehension is the idea that each constituent of a sentence is interpreted by the perceiver at the earliest conceivable point, using all potentially relevant sources of information. A variety of counter examples are presented to argue against this implicit theory of sentence interpretation. It is argued that an explicit alternative theory is needed to specify which decisions are made at which points during interpretive processing and to spell out the principles governing the processor's preferred choice at points of ambiguity or uncertainty. Several specific issues are taken concerning how the processor assigns a focal structure to an input sentence, how it identifies the topic of the sentence, how implicit restrictors on the domain of quantification are interpreted and how the identification of the content of a restrictor may guide the processor's use of discourse information. Exploiting intuitions about preferred interpretations of ambiguous sentences as well as the results of both old and new experimental studies, a theory of the preferred interpretation of Determiner Phrases is presented. This work explores important, but overlooked questions in on-line sentence interpretation and attempts to erect some of the scaffolding for an eventual theory of sentence interpretation.
Construal presents a new theory of sentence processing, one that allows a limited type of underspecification in the syntactic analysis of sentences. It extends what has arguably been the dominant theory of parsing (the garden-path theory developed by Lyn Frazier and colleagues) through the 1980s into new and previously unexplored domains, and greatly advances the potential for insights into how meaning is both made and understood. Frazier and Clifton, both pioneers in parsing theory, present new psycholinguistic theory and experimentation concerning how "nonprimary" phrases are analyzed in sentence comprehension. They define a process of "construal" and show how it accounts for cases in which the parser does not fully determine structure during the course of ordinary comprehension. The idea of construal arises in part through the authors' critical review of the challenges to their established framework for research on structural parsing. While they demonstrate that the principles of parsing theory remain valid for a wide variety of languages and grammatical constructions, they go beyond them to clearly identify those types of constructions built by the process of construal. Frazier and Clifton show that construal follows distinct principles, and they flesh out their hypothesis with previously unexamined evidence and new empirical tests.
At present there exists no empirically-motivated theory of how perceivers assign a grammatically-permissible interpretation to a sentence. Implicit in many investigations of language comprehension is the idea that each constituent of a sentence is interpreted by the perceiver at the earliest conceivable point, using all potentially relevant sources of information. A variety of counter examples are presented to argue against this implicit theory of sentence interpretation. It is argued that an explicit alternative theory is needed to specify which decisions are made at which points during interpretive processing and to spell out the principles governing the processor's preferred choice at points of ambiguity or uncertainty. Several specific issues are taken concerning how the processor assigns a focal structure to an input sentence, how it identifies the topic of the sentence, how implicit restrictors on the domain of quantification are interpreted and how the identification of the content of a restrictor may guide the processor's use of discourse information. Exploiting intuitions about preferred interpretations of ambiguous sentences as well as the results of both old and new experimental studies, a theory of the preferred interpretation of Determiner Phrases is presented. This work explores important, but overlooked questions in on-line sentence interpretation and attempts to erect some of the scaffolding for an eventual theory of sentence interpretation.
Written in a style that engages students, Legal Writing, Fourth Edition by Richard K. Neumann Jr., Sheila Simon, and Suzianne D. Painter-Thorne, includes outstanding coverage on organizing analysis according to the CREAC formula (also known as the paradigm), the writing process, storytelling techniques, rule analysis, statutory interpretation, and professionalism. In addition, the book has a dynamic website where student resources include Sheila Simon’s famed lasagna presentation, classroom and independent exercises, self-assessment checklists, and other learning tools. New to the Fourth Edition: Shorter, more focused chapters New sample documents A motion memo from a ground-breaking marriage equality case Professors and students will benefit from: The compact, conversational tone Short, accessible assignments and exercises Checklists that help students assess their own writing An interesting mix of theory and reality
A diverse body of research exists to explain why eligible voters don't go to the polls on election day. Theories span from the psychological (nonvoters have limited emotional engagement with politics and therefore lack motivation), to the social (politics is inherently social and nonvoters have limited networks), and the personal (nonvoters tend to be young, less educated, poor, and highly mobile). Other scholars suggest that people don't vote because campaigns are uninspiring. This book poses a new theory: uncertainty about the national context at the time of the election. During times of national crisis, when uncertainty is high, citizens are motivated to sort through information about each candidate to figure out which would best mitigate their uncertainty. When external uncertainty is low, however, citizens spend less time learning about candidates and are equally unmotivated to vote. The American Nonvoter examines how uncertainty regarding changing economic conditions, dramatic national events, and U.S. international interventions influences people's decisions whether to vote or not. Using rigorous statistical tools and rich historical stories, Lyn Ragsdale and Jerrold G. Rusk test this theory on aggregate nonvoting patterns in the United States across presidential and midterm elections from 1920 to 2012. The authors also challenge the stereotype of nonvoters as poor, uneducated and apathetic. Instead, the book shows that nonvoters are, by and large, as politically knowledgeable as voters, but see no difference between candidates or view them negatively.
This edition in the Slow Travels series explores the State of Alabama. U.S. 11 follows a diagonal from the northeastern corner of the state, traveling along the valleys of the southern Appalachians to Birmingham. Beyond Birmingham, the highway runs through open rolling hills to Tuscaloosa and the Mississippi Line. U.S. 31 bisects the state, starting in the plateau west of Huntsville and traveling south to Montgomery. From the state capital, the highway turns southwest to the panhandle and Mobile Bay. U.S. 72 crosses northern Alabama, following the route of the Tennessee River through Huntsville and Florence. U.S. 78 cuts across the state, passing through the mountains around Talladega, past Birmingham and into the lesser populated territory to the west. Finally, U.S. 80 explores the deep history of central Alabama, starting west of Columbus, Georgia, and passing through the state capitol and along the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail to Demopolis and Mississippi.
This Handbook provides a clear introduction to the theoretical debates surrounding the topic of domestic violence, and also offers practical advice on possible interventions. Focusing on improving the care of clients it covers: the causes and consequences of domestic violence personal and professional issues for the practitioner domestic violence and the law the process of effective intervention interventions in specific health care settings interventions where children are involved multi-agency approaches education and training. Taking an evidence-based approach to practical problems, Domestic Violence is an invaluable resource for nurses, doctors and other health practitioners who deal with the consequences of domestic violence in their daily work.
Campus counseling services today must face the challenges of greater diversity and complexity on campus while making do with fewer resources. In order to be maximally effective, they must be willing to engage with other services within and beyond the campus itself. This comprehensive manual for campus mental health and student affairs professionals is specifically designed to provide the most current information available regarding critical issues impacting the mental health and educational experiences of today's college students. It is unique in its focus on outreach beyond the walls of the counseling center and how counseling services can coordinate their efforts with other on and off-campus institutions to expand their reach and provide optimal services. Written for both mental health counselors and administrators, the text addresses ethical and legal issues, campus outreach, crisis and trauma services, substance abuse, sexual minorities, spiritual and religious issues, bullying and aggression, web-based counseling, and psychoeducational services. The authors of this text distill their expertise from more than 30 years of combined experience working and teaching in a variety of college and university counseling centers throughout the United States. The book serves as both a comprehensive text for courses in college counseling and college student affairs and services, as well as an all-inclusive manual for all college and university mental health and student affairs professionals. Key Features: Offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of college counseling center practices and programming Provides a unique focus on integration and coordination with other student services within and beyond the campus Covers a wide range of counseling services including academic and residential Discusses critical contemporary issues such as substance abuse, response to violent and traumatic events, internet bullying, and diversity concerns Written by authors with a wide range of experience in counseling services and other student affairs
A psychological analysis of young female aggression notes the pervasiveness of negative women stereotypes in fairy tales and pop culture, examining the ways in which society reinforces and nurtures mean behavior in girls.
This book presents to you the places of Birth, Passing and Final Resting of Chicago's North side Baseball Players from January 1, 1876 to January 1, 2021.
Slow Travels-California explores this State's history along the present and previous routes of U.S. Highways 40, 50, 60, 99 and 395. U.S. Highways 40 and 50 parallel each other across the Mother Lode of the Sierra Nevadas, around Lake Tahoe, into the Sacramento Valley. From Sacramento, they take divergent routes to San Francisco and the Bay Area. U.S. 99 travels down the length of the Central Valley, and across the San Fernando Mountains into Los Angeles, before turning east to the Imperial Valley and Mexico. U.S. 395 covers two segments; the northern one along the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Reno, and the southern route through the Owens Valley, passing Death Valley, down to San Diego. Come explore the rich and varied history of the Golden State. This guide provides in-depth information about historic sites, landmarks, and legends along California's highways. And your purchase contributes $1 to the American Trails Preservation Trust.
Slow Travels--Arkansas is the first in our new Slow Travels series. U.S. Highways 61, 67, 70, 71, and 79 are followed through Arkansas, criss-crossing the state and providing a wealth of historical information along the way. Eight maps provide reference points along the way. Your purchase includes a $1 donation to the American Trails Preservation Trust.The Slow Travels series encourages the driving tourist to take the slower paced route, and see the rich history which lies along that highway. Not only are the more popular sites examined, but you are also shown the many places in between those sites which are most often overlooked. 90% of our history is either distinguished by only a marker or no marker at all. That is the history most travelers are missing, and that is what the purpose of Caddo Publications USA is, to bring that missing history to everyone's attention.
Daniel Monti, Michael Ian Borer, and Lyn C. Macgregor provide a thorough and comprehensive survey of the contemporary urban world that is accessible to students with Urban People and Places: The Sociology of Cities, Suburbs, and Towns. This new title will give balanced treatment to both the process by which cities are built (i.e., urbanization) and the ways of life practiced by people that live and work in more urban places (i.e., urbanism) unlike most core texts in this area. Whereas most texts focus on the socio-economic causes of urbanization, this text analyses the cultural component: how the physical construction of places is, in part, a product of cultural beliefs, ideas, and practices and also how the culture of those who live, work, and play in various places is shaped, structured, and controlled by the built environment. Inasmuch as the primary focus will be on the United States, global discussion is composed with an eye toward showing how U.S. cities, suburbs, and towns are different and alike from their counterparts in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America.
A project of the Utah Women's History Association and cosponsored by the Utah State Historical Society, Paradigm or Paradox provides the first thorough survey of the complicated history of all Utah women. Some of the finest historians studying Utah examine the spectrum of significant social and cultural topics in the state's history that particularly have involved or affected women.
This guide explores Virginia and its history on U.S. Highways 11, 15, 17, 50, and 60, as well as the Blue Ridge Parkway and Skyline Drive. Historical text for each site and landmark along the highways are derived from the American Guides of the 1930's and 40's. Reference maps and GPS Coordinates for all listed sites are included.
This comprehensive reference manual is designed to assist office professionals, and business writers in preparing written business communications. It includes detailed and precise information for writing, formatting, and transmitting communications.
Do you want your children to behave well for fear of punishment or to get a reward? Or do you want your kids to behave well because it is the right thing to do? This book is about moral development and conscience building in the raising of children. It is not religious in nature, but is a response to trends seen my parents and educators of a decline in the kinds of thinking in our youth that lead to compassion, empathy and good judgment. In ten simple steps, the Martin Method provides a tool that help incorporate life's moral lessons into daily opportunities for discipline. It is a very logical, common sense approach geared toward the development of your child's conscience, self-discipline and an inner moral compass, one that will eventually automatically deliver to the child the right and wrong choices of behavior. The method takes only minutes to implement, and best of all, puts responsibility for his or her actions directly on your child, keeps tempers in check, and avoids the ineffectiveness of punishments and rewards. Always remember: children are not good or bad, but their behavior can be right or wrong.
In a rare look at this powerful, courageous breed created to combine the best qualities of the Bulldog and the Mastiff, readers are treated to a history with emphasis almost wholly on utilitarian performance. With an evolving role as both protector and companion both in the United States and abroad, the breed is given full treatment with concentration on the care and management of this intensely loyal companion canine.
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