The first comprehensive economic and legal analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels, with detailed case studies. A cartel forms when competitors conspire to limit competition through coordinated actions. Most cartels are composed exclusively of firms that would otherwise be in competition, but in a hub-and-spoke cartel, those competitors (“spokes”) conspire with the assistance of an upstream supplier or a downstream buyer (“hub”). This book provides the first comprehensive economic and legal analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels, explaining their formation and how they operate to create and sustain a collusive environment. Sixteen detailed case studies, including cases brought against toy manufacturer Hasbro and the Apple ebook case, illustrate the economic framework and legal strategies discussed. The authors identify three types of hub-and-spoke cartels: when an upstream firm facilitates downstream firms to coordinate on higher prices; when a downstream intermediary facilitates upstream suppliers to coordinate on higher prices; and when a downstream firm facilitates upstream suppliers to exclude a downstream rival. They devote a chapter to each type, discussing the formation, coordination, enforcement, efficacy, and prosecution of these cartels, and consider general lessons that can be drawn from the case studies. Finally, they present strategies for prosecuting hub-and-spoke collusion. The book is written to be accessible to both economists and lawyers, and is intended for both scholars and practitioners.
The first comprehensive economic and legal analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels, with detailed case studies. A cartel forms when competitors conspire to limit competition through coordinated actions. Most cartels are composed exclusively of firms that would otherwise be in competition, but in a hub-and-spoke cartel, those competitors (“spokes”) conspire with the assistance of an upstream supplier or a downstream buyer (“hub”). This book provides the first comprehensive economic and legal analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels, explaining their formation and how they operate to create and sustain a collusive environment. Sixteen detailed case studies, including cases brought against toy manufacturer Hasbro and the Apple ebook case, illustrate the economic framework and legal strategies discussed. The authors identify three types of hub-and-spoke cartels: when an upstream firm facilitates downstream firms to coordinate on higher prices; when a downstream intermediary facilitates upstream suppliers to coordinate on higher prices; and when a downstream firm facilitates upstream suppliers to exclude a downstream rival. They devote a chapter to each type, discussing the formation, coordination, enforcement, efficacy, and prosecution of these cartels, and consider general lessons that can be drawn from the case studies. Finally, they present strategies for prosecuting hub-and-spoke collusion. The book is written to be accessible to both economists and lawyers, and is intended for both scholars and practitioners.
Luke Roman argues that poets in ancient Rome employed a distinctive 'rhetoric of autonomy' and represented their poetry as different from other cultural products and social relations. Looking closely at the works of famous Roman poets, he offers fresh insights into ancient literary texts and the dialogue between ancient and modern aesthetics.
Providing a comprehensive yet concise guide for trainee doctors, neonatal nurses and midwives, Essential Neonatal Medicine continues to be an indispensable resource that combines the depth and breadth of a textbook with the efficiency of a revision guide. Extensively updated and full-colour throughout, this edition includes new chapters on neonatal transport and palliative care, as well as further content on pathophysiology and embryology, quality improvement and risk management, infection control, and non-invasive ventilation. With an improved artwork programme and a new glossary of terms, Essential Neonatal Medicine is ideal for all trainee health professionals new to neonatology, or looking for a comprehensive aid to support them.
Nutrition is an essential consideration in the practice of obstetrics today. In this book, Barbara Luke presents current and practical information on the clinical management of maternal nutrition and includes basic information on dietary considerations in the practice of obstetrics. The chapters cover the nutritional assessment of the antepartum patient, iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy, nutritional considerations in adolescent pregnancy, and diet during lactation.
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