In 1965, after a coup led by Jose de Magalhaes Pinto and others, the military dictatorship closed down all the Brazilian political parties that had been active since 1945. The regime then allowed the creation of just two parties, one pro-government and the other an opposition party. This book analyzes the history of the National Renewal Alliance (Alianca Renovadora Nacional ARENA), the party created to support the military government. ARENA included the main leaders of Brazils previously existing conservative parties. Its early years were marked by political uncertainty as the military regime engaged with the pro-government party. The militarys intervention in the political field brought about disagreements regarding autonomy and policy, and politicians and leaders unwilling to toe the military line were circumscribed through removal from office and the stripping of political rights via decree. Lucia Grinberg sets out to explain how the legitimacy of the party was viewed by different parties (especially the opposition) and at different times, up to ARENAs dissolution in 1979. Issues of constitution, ideology, party loyalty, amnesty, and the gamut of political representation pervade its historiography. And not least the way the country, at all political, social and media levels, viewed the party. Drawing on abundant historical documents, the book makes a unique contribution to the comparative study of political parties in dictatorships. The Brazilian case is exceptional among the Latin American dictatorships of the 1960s and 70s, since the representative political institutions were preserved, despite the loss of prerogatives of the Legislative Branch.
A sweeping narrative history of the Atlantic slave trade and slavery in the Americas. During the era of the Atlantic slave trade, more than twelve million enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas in cramped, inhumane conditions. Many of them died on the way, and those who survived had to endure further suffering in the violent conditions that met them onshore. Covering more than three hundred years, Humans in Shackles grapples with this history by foregrounding the lived experience of enslaved people in tracing the long, complex history of slavery in the Americas. Based on twenty years of research, this book not only serves as a comprehensive history; it also expands that history by providing a truly transnational account that emphasizes the central role of Brazil in the Atlantic slave trade. Additionally, it is deeply informed by African history and shows how African practices and traditions survived and persisted in the Americas among communities of enslaved people. Drawing on primary sources including travel accounts, pamphlets, newspaper articles, slave narratives, and visual sources such as artworks and artifacts, Araujo illuminates the social, cultural, and religious lives of enslaved people working in plantations and urban areas, building families and cultivating affective ties, congregating and re-creating their cultures, and organizing rebellions. Humans in Shackles puts the lived experiences of enslaved peoples at the center of the story and investigates the heavy impact these atrocities have had on the current wealth disparity of the Americas and rampant anti-Black racism.
Slavery and the Atlantic slave trade are among the most heinous crimes against humanity committed in the modern era. Yet, to this day no former slave society in the Americas has paid reparations to former slaves or their descendants. Ana Lucia Araujo shows that these calls for reparations have persevered over a long and difficult history. She traces the ways in which enslaved and freed individuals have conceptualized the idea of reparations since the 18th century in petitions, correspondence, pamphlets, public speeches, slave narratives, and judicial claims. Taking the reader through the era of slavery, emancipation, post-abolition, and the present day and drawing on the voices of various of enslaved peoples and their descendants, the book illuminates the multiple dimensions of the demands of reparations. This new edition boasts a new chapter on the global impact of the Black Lives Matter movement, the seismic effect of the killing of George Floyd, calls for university reparations and the dismantling of statues. Updated throughout, this edition includes primary sources, further readings, and many illustrations.
This book explores the emerging field of risk management and risk analysis of cryptocurrencies, an area that has been generating considerable research. It begins by providing an introduction to digital finance and the concept of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies. It then describes in detail the intrinsic risks involved in cryptocurrencies, an area that, to date, has not been fully documented or investigated. Lastly, it discusses the various types of risk, with a focus on design, operational, market and quantitative risks. Providing insights into the analysis and management of cryptocurrencies, and serving as a starting point for a more in-depth risk analysis, this book will appeal to professionals and researchers interested in familiarizing themselves with the risks in cryptocurrencies, including academics, portfolio managers, risk-managers, quants, financial professionals, regulators, economists, asset managers and traders.
¡Claro que siacute;!is a proven, integrated skills program with a strong emphasis on developing oral proficiency and cultural competence. The text's combination of relevant themes, lively practice, and engaging technology tools allows students to start communicating early and with confidence. The authors' philosophy and approach cultivate active learners. Six solid principles of learning form the foundation of the text: students learn by doing; language is culture and culture is reflected in language; skill integration promotes language development; self-expression facilitates greater language proficiency; systematic recycling enables students to move from learning to acquisition; and engaging material enhances learning. Updated cultural information appears throughout the text in the¿Lo sabiaacute;n?culture notes and in the chapter-openingDatos interesantesfeature, introducing facts relevant to each chapter's content. The¡Claro que siacute;!video features footage from five Spanish-speaking countries. A mix of interviews and documentary-based segments allow students to see how geography and ethnicity influences the everyday lives of Hispanics. At the same time, students increase their cultural awareness through ongoing contrast and comparison of social practices, products, and other topics. To support independent and classroom viewing, pre- and post-viewing exercises appear after each even-numbered chapter in the text.
Este livro, ao dedicar-se à histórica relação entre Serviço Social eMovimentos Sociais em diferentes vertentes, constitui, assim, uma leitura obrigatória e imprescindível, porque reconhece que a emancipação humana se tece na luta.
In 1965, after a coup led by Jose de Magalhaes Pinto and others, the military dictatorship closed down all the Brazilian political parties that had been active since 1945. The regime then allowed the creation of just two parties, one pro-government and the other an opposition party. This book analyzes the history of the National Renewal Alliance (Alianca Renovadora Nacional ARENA), the party created to support the military government. ARENA included the main leaders of Brazils previously existing conservative parties. Its early years were marked by political uncertainty as the military regime engaged with the pro-government party. The militarys intervention in the political field brought about disagreements regarding autonomy and policy, and politicians and leaders unwilling to toe the military line were circumscribed through removal from office and the stripping of political rights via decree. Lucia Grinberg sets out to explain how the legitimacy of the party was viewed by different parties (especially the opposition) and at different times, up to ARENAs dissolution in 1979. Issues of constitution, ideology, party loyalty, amnesty, and the gamut of political representation pervade its historiography. And not least the way the country, at all political, social and media levels, viewed the party. Drawing on abundant historical documents, the book makes a unique contribution to the comparative study of political parties in dictatorships. The Brazilian case is exceptional among the Latin American dictatorships of the 1960s and 70s, since the representative political institutions were preserved, despite the loss of prerogatives of the Legislative Branch.
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