Canada was the first country to introduce private sponsorship, and the program has played a key role in the country's responses to international refugee crises over the last four decades. Private sponsorship has been regarded as a promising policy option for other major Western countries in their commitments to refugee resettlement. However, empirical evidence regarding the economic outcomes of refugee private sponsorship is notably limited. To fill this gap, this paper examined the long-term economic outcomes of privately sponsored refugees (PSRs) with various human capital levels in Canada. It addressed two questions. First, how do the economic outcomes of PSRs compare with those of government-assisted refugees (GARs) in the initial resettlement period and over the longer term? Second, do the economic outcomes of PSRs vary by the refugees? initial levels of human capital (official language skills and education)?
Unlike economic and family class immigrants, who mostly make their own choice about where to settle in Canada, the initial geographic location of refugees is strongly influenced by government resettlement programs. Government-assisted refugees (GARs) are assigned to one of many designated communities based on a pre-approved regional quota of refugee allocation and the match between a refugee's needs and community resources. Privately sponsored refugees (PSRs) are received by their sponsors, who are scattered across the country. While previous research suggests that refugees, especially GARs, are more likely to undertake secondary migration than other immigrants, no large-scale quantitative study has compared the rates of departure from initial destination cities for different immigrant categories in the long term. This study compares long-term secondary migration in Canada by immigrant admission category, with a focus on the size of the initial city of settlement.
Our relationships in life play a role in our experiences, growth, and perspective. The relationships we share offer potential beyond our understanding. This potential is granted by Gods grace, taking us through both good and bad times and allowing us to move forward despite the obstacles before us. Nikki Jean is a story about life, relationships, and all the baggage that comes along with us for the journey. It illustrates the special bond between dog and human, a bond based on faith, hope, and love that withstands lifes greatest storms.
A special young puppy named Ezekiel was kidnapped from his family and then was abandoned. He was rescued and placed in a loving temporary home, a foster home. During his stay there, he gained some very important knowledge. After learning about having been found along the street as a puppy and the possibility of having a birth family, he set out on an amazing journey of discovery and adventure. On his journey, he met others in their own unfortunate circumstances. After traveling hundreds of miles across several states, Ezekiel finally finds his way back home. aEURf
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