Equine sarcoids (ES) and equine malignant melanoma (EMM) are among the tumors affecting horses diagnosed most frequently. Both cutaneous neoplasms can be a significant cause of economic losses, morbidity and mortality in the animals. The treatment of equine skin cancer can be challenging and established, evidence-based therapies resulting in sustained tumor regression are rare. The pentacyclic, lupane-type triterpenes betulinic acid (BA) and betulin can be isolated from many botanical sources, predominantly from the bark of white birch and plane trees. In addition to various biological properties, they have gained attention mainly due to their anticancer features. Within the framework of the current PhD project, the compounds BA, BA derivative NVX-207, and betulin derivative betulinyl-bis-sulfamate were assessed in various in vitro and in vivo studies for their potential as a topical therapy for ES and EMM. In conclusion, the results generated from cell culture experiments, skin permeation assays and studies in the target species are promising. Further advancement of the investigational medicinal products studied herein could lead to an effective topical and marketable, novel drug which helps to relieve suffering and, consequently, improve the welfare of equine skin cancer patients.
Exploring reason of state in a global monarchy, The Power of Necessity examines how thinkers and agents in the Spanish monarchy navigated the tension between political pragmatism and moral-religious principle. This tension lies at the very heart of Counter-Reformation reason of state. Nowhere was the need for pragmatic state management greater than in the overstretched Spanish Empire of the seventeenth century. However, pragmatic politics were problematic for a Catholic monarchy steeped in ideals of justice and divine justifications of power and kingship. Presenting a broad cast of characters from across Europe, and uniting published sources with a wide range of archival material, Lisa Kattenberg shows how non-canonical thinkers and agents confronted the political-moral dilemmas of their age by creatively employing the legitimizing power of necessity. Pioneering new ways of bridging the persistent gap between theory and practice in the history of political thought, The Power of Necessity casts fresh light on the struggle to preserve the monarchy in a modernizing world.
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