Life Sciences Society's Books

Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society

Does the Public Trust Science? A Workshop Summary

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Science Education,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences

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Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society

Does the Public Trust Science? A Workshop Summary

Does the public trust science? Scientists? Scientific organizations? What roles do trust and the lack of trust play in public debates about how science can be used to address such societal concerns as childhood vaccination, cancer screening, and a warming planet? What could happen if social trust in science or scientists faded? These types of questions led the Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a 2-day workshop on May 5-6, 2015 on public trust in science. This report explores empirical evidence on public opinion and attitudes toward life sciences as they relate to societal issues, whether and how contentious debate about select life science topics mediates trust, and the roles that scientists, business, media, community groups, and other stakeholders play in creating and maintaining public confidence in life sciences. Does the Public Trust Science? Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society highlights research on the elements of trust and how to build, mend, or maintain trust; and examine best practices in the context of scientist engagement with lay audiences around social issues.

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118

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309377951

ISBN 13

9780309377959

Computational Systems Bioinformatics

CSB2007 Conference Proceedings, San Diego, 13-17 August 2007

By: Peter Markstein,Ying Xu,Life Sciences Society

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Computational Systems Bioinformatics

CSB2007 Conference Proceedings, San Diego, 13-17 August 2007

By: Peter Markstein,Ying Xu,Life Sciences Society

This volume contains about 40 papers covering many of the latest developments in the fast-growing field of bioinformatics. The contributions span a wide range of topics, including computational genomics and genetics, protein function and computational proteomics, the transcriptome, structural bioinformatics, microarray data analysis, motif identification, biological pathways and systems, and biomedical applications. Abstracts from the keynote addresses and invited talks are also included. The papers not only cover theoretical aspects of bioinformatics but also delve into the application of new methods, with input from computation, engineering and biology disciplines. This multidisciplinary approach to bioinformatics gives these proceedings a unique viewpoint of the field. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Whole-Genome Analysis of Dorsal Gradient Thresholds in the Drosophila Embryo (102 KB). Contents: Learning Predictive Models of Gene Regulation (C Leslie); Algorithms for Selecting Breakpoint Locations to Optimize Diversity in Protein Engineering by Site-Directed Protein Recombination (W Zheng et al.); Cancer Molecular Pattern Discovery by Subspace Consensus Kernel Classification (X Han); Transcriptional Profiling of Definitive Endoderm Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (H Liu et al.); A Markov Model Based Analysis of Stochastic Biochemical Systems (P Ghosh et al.); Clustering of Main Orthologs for Multiple Genomes (Z Fu & T Jiang); Extraction, Quantification and Visualization of Protein Pockets (X Zhang & C Bajaj); Consensus Contact Prediction by Linear Programming (X Gao et al.); An Active Visual Search Interface for Medline (W Xuan et al.); Exact and Heuristic Algorithms for Weighted Cluster Editing (S Rahmann et al.); Reconcilation with Non-binary Species Trees (B Vernot et al.); and other papers. Readership: Research and application community in bioinformatics, systems biology, medicine, pharmacology and biotechnology. Graduate researchers in bioinformatics and computational biology.

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472

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World Scientific

Published Date

ISBN 10

1860948731

ISBN 13

9781860948732

Mississippi River Water Quality and Interstate Collaboration

Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Mississippi River Water Quality Science and Interstate Collaboration

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Mississippi River Water Quality and Interstate Collaboration

Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Mississippi River Water Quality Science and Interstate Collaboration

Summary of a Workshop on Mississippi River Water Quality Science and Interstate Collaboration summarizes presentations and discussions of Mississippi River and basin water quality management, monitoring, and evaluation programs that took place at a workshop that was held in St. Louis on November 18-19, 2013. The workshop examined a wide array of challenges and progress in water quality monitoring and evaluation in states along the Mississippi River corridor, and provided a forum for experts from U.S. federal agencies, the Mississippi River states, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to share and compare monitoring and evaluation experiences from their respective organizations.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309304873

ISBN 13

9780309304870

Genetically Engineered Crops

Experiences and Prospects

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience and Future Prospects

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Genetically Engineered Crops

Experiences and Prospects

Genetically engineered (GE) crops were first introduced commercially in the 1990s. After two decades of production, some groups and individuals remain critical of the technology based on their concerns about possible adverse effects on human health, the environment, and ethical considerations. At the same time, others are concerned that the technology is not reaching its potential to improve human health and the environment because of stringent regulations and reduced public funding to develop products offering more benefits to society. While the debate about these and other questions related to the genetic engineering techniques of the first 20 years goes on, emerging genetic-engineering technologies are adding new complexities to the conversation. Genetically Engineered Crops builds on previous related Academies reports published between 1987 and 2010 by undertaking a retrospective examination of the purported positive and adverse effects of GE crops and to anticipate what emerging genetic-engineering technologies hold for the future. This report indicates where there are uncertainties about the economic, agronomic, health, safety, or other impacts of GE crops and food, and makes recommendations to fill gaps in safety assessments, increase regulatory clarity, and improve innovations in and access to GE technology.

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607

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309437415

ISBN 13

9780309437417

Are Chemical Journals Too Expensive and Inaccessible?

A Workshop Summary to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Are Chemical Journals Too Expensive and Inaccessible?

A Workshop Summary to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

On October 25-26, 2005, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a workshop to explore issues involving those who use and contribute to chemical literature, as well as those who publish and disseminate chemical journals. As a follow-up to the workshop, a summary was written to capture the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop. As a forum to discuss chemistry journals within the larger context of scientific, technical and medical journal publishing, the workshop covered whether chemists and chemical engineers have unique journal needs and, if so, whether these needs are being met in the current journal publishing environment. Workshop participants also tackled how open access publishing might be applied to the chemical literature, such as to provide authors more freedom to distribute their articles after publication and allowing free access to chemical literature archives.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030918181X

ISBN 13

9780309181815

Effectiveness and Impacts of Dust Control Measures for Owens Lake

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Owens Lake Scientific Advisory Panel

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Effectiveness and Impacts of Dust Control Measures for Owens Lake

During the 20th century, the city of Los Angeles diverted surface water flowing into Owens Lake for water supply, transforming the large, closed-basin, saline lake into a small brine pool surrounded by dry playa. Under high winds, the exposed lakebed produced large amounts of airborne dust, resulting in the highest concentrations of airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10) in the United States. Since 2000, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, at the direction of the Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District, has been constructing and implementing dust control measures on the dry lakebed, with the objective of meeting the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10 and the PM10 standards set by the state of California. Many of the dust control measures used at Owens Lake require large amounts of water, energy, and maintenance to sustain their performance. Effectiveness and Impacts of Dust Control Measures for Owens Lake evaluates the effectiveness of alternative solutions for their degree of PM10 reduction and the extent that they reduce use of water in controlling dust emissions. This report considers the associated energy and environmental and economic impacts of these proposed measures and assesses their durability and reliability.

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185

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309670799

ISBN 13

9780309670791

Radiological Assessments for the Resettlement of Rongelap in the Republic of the Marshall Islands

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Radiological Safety in the Marshall Islands

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Radiological Assessments for the Resettlement of Rongelap in the Republic of the Marshall Islands

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Radiological Safety in the Marshall Islands

As a result of contamination by radionuclides released during nuclear weapons testing by the United States during the 1940s and 1950s, the residents of Rongelap Atoll were evacuated from the Marshall Islands. This book provides an assessment of issues surrounding their resettlement and an evaluation of radiological conditions on certain Marshall Islands, particularly Rongelap Atoll.

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131

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309050499

ISBN 13

9780309050494

Forestry Research

A Mandate for Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Forestry Research

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Forestry Research

A Mandate for Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Forestry Research

Forests are valuable in our daily lives, crucial to our nation's ecomony, and integral to the long-term health of the environment. Yet, forestry research has been critically underfunded, and the data generated under current research programs is not enough to meet the diverse needs of our society. Forestry Research provides a research agenda that should yield the information we need to develop responsible policies for forest use and management. In this consensus of forestry experts, the volume explores: The diverse and competing concerns of the timber industry, recreational interests, and wildlife and environmental organizations. The gap between our need for information and the current output of the forestry research program. Areas of research requiring attention: biology of forest organisms, ecosystem function and management, human-forest interactions, wood as raw material, and international trade and competition. Forestry Research is an important book of special interest to federal and state policymakers involved in forestry issues, research managers, researchers, faculty, and students in the field.

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100

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309042488

ISBN 13

9780309042482

High-School Biology Today and Tomorrow

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on High-School Biology Education

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High-School Biology Today and Tomorrow

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on High-School Biology Education

Biology is where many of science's most exciting and relevant advances are taking place. Yet, many students leave school without having learned basic biology principles, and few are excited enough to continue in the sciences. Why is biology education failing? How can reform be accomplished? This book presents information and expert views from curriculum developers, teachers, and others, offering suggestions about major issues in biology education: what should we teach in biology and how should it be taught? How can we measure results? How should teachers be educated and certified? What obstacles are blocking reform?

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361

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National Academies

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309040280

ISBN 13

9780309040280

Transforming Agricultural Education for a Changing World

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on a Leadership Summit to Effect Change in Teaching and Learning

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Transforming Agricultural Education for a Changing World

During the next ten years, colleges of agriculture will be challenged to transform their role in higher education and their relationship to the evolving global food and agricultural enterprise. If successful, agriculture colleges will emerge as an important venue for scholars and stakeholders to address some of the most complex and urgent problems facing society. Such a transformation could reestablish and sustain the historical position of the college of agriculture as a cornerstone institution in academe, but for that to occur, a rapid and concerted effort by our higher education system is needed to shape their academic focus around the reality of issues that define the world's systems of food and agriculture and to refashion the way in which they foster knowledge of those complex systems in their students. Although there is no single approach to transforming agricultural education, a commitment to change is imperative.

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221

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309132215

ISBN 13

9780309132213

A Biological Survey for the Nation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on the Formation of the National Biological Survey

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A Biological Survey for the Nation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on the Formation of the National Biological Survey

Our country has long recognized the importance of its biological resources but we often lack sufficient scientific knowledge to make wise decisions. This realization has led to calls for new ways of providing this information, including the formation of a national biological survey. This volume discusses key issues and problems for which an improved assessment of the nation's biological resources is needed; the kinds of efforts in research and information management needed to create that assessment; and how government, private organizations, and individuals can work together to meet the needs identified. Policymakers, resource managers, public interest groups, and researchers will find this book useful as they participate in the national dialogue on this topic and take actions to implement the needed survey activities.

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221

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309049849

ISBN 13

9780309049849

Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Twenty-First Century Systems Agriculture

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Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Twenty-First Century Systems Agriculture

In the last 20 years, there has been a remarkable emergence of innovations and technological advances that are generating promising changes and opportunities for sustainable agriculture, yet at the same time the agricultural sector worldwide faces numerous daunting challenges. Not only is the agricultural sector expected to produce adequate food, fiber, and feed, and contribute to biofuels to meet the needs of a rising global population, it is expected to do so under increasingly scarce natural resources and climate change. Growing awareness of the unintended impacts associated with some agricultural production practices has led to heightened societal expectations for improved environmental, community, labor, and animal welfare standards in agriculture. Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century assesses the scientific evidence for the strengths and weaknesses of different production, marketing, and policy approaches for improving and reducing the costs and unintended consequences of agricultural production. It discusses the principles underlying farming systems and practices that could improve the sustainability. It also explores how those lessons learned could be applied to agriculture in different regional and international settings, with an emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa. By focusing on a systems approach to improving the sustainability of U.S. agriculture, this book can have a profound impact on the development and implementation of sustainable farming systems. Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century serves as a valuable resource for policy makers, farmers, experts in food production and agribusiness, and federal regulatory agencies.

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599

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309157498

ISBN 13

9780309157490

Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments

Processes, Tools, and Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments

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Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments

Processes, Tools, and Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments

Bioavailability refers to the extent to which humans and ecological receptors are exposed to contaminants in soil or sediment. The concept of bioavailability has recently piqued the interest of the hazardous waste industry as an important consideration in deciding how much waste to clean up. The rationale is that if contaminants in soil and sediment are not bioavailable, then more contaminant mass can be left in place without creating additional risk. A new NRC report notes that the potential for the consideration of bioavailability to influence decision-making is greatest where certain chemical, environmental, and regulatory factors align. The current use of bioavailability in risk assessment and hazardous waste cleanup regulations is demystified, and acceptable tools and models for bioavailability assessment are discussed and ranked according to seven criteria. Finally, the intimate link between bioavailability and bioremediation is explored. The report concludes with suggestions for moving bioavailability forward in the regulatory arena for both soil and sediment cleanup.

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433

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309086256

ISBN 13

9780309086257

Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States

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Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States

National interests in greater energy independence, concurrent with favorable market forces, have driven increased production of corn-based ethanol in the United States and research into the next generation of biofuels. The trend is changing the national agricultural landscape and has raised concerns about potential impacts on the nation's water resources. To help illuminate these issues, the National Research Council held a colloquium on July 12, 2007 in Washington, DC. Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States, based in part on discussions at the colloquium, concludes that if projected future increases in use of corn for ethanol production do occur, the increase in harm to water quality could be considerable from the increases in fertilizer use, pesticide use, and soil erosion associated with growing crops such as corn. Water supply problems could also develop, both from the water needed to grow biofuels crops and water used at ethanol processing plants, especially in regions where water supplies are already overdrawn. The production of "cellulosic ethanol," derived from fibrous material such as wheat straw, native grasses, and forest trimmings is expected to have less water quality impact but cannot yet be produced on a commerical scale. To move toward a goal of reducing water impacts of biofuels, a policy bridge will likely be needed to encourage growth of new technologies, best agricultural practies, and the development of traditional and cellulosic crops that require less water and fertilizer and are optimized for fuel production.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030911361X

ISBN 13

9780309113618

Earth Materials and Health

Research Priorities for Earth Science and Public Health

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Research Priorities for Earth Science and Public Health

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Earth Materials and Health

Research Priorities for Earth Science and Public Health

A range of natural earth materials, like arsenic or fluoride, have long been linked to significant human health effects. Improved understanding of the pervasive and complex interactions between earth materials and human health will require creative collaborations between earth scientists and public health professionals. At the request of the National Science Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, this National Research Council book assesses the current state of knowledge at the interface between the earth sciences and public health disciplines. The book identifies high-priority areas for collaborative research, including understanding the transport and bioavailability of potentially hazardous earth materials, using risk-based scenarios to mitigate the public health effects of natural hazards under current and future climate regimes, and understanding the health risks that result from disturbance of earth systems. Geospatial information - geological maps for earth scientists and epidemiological data for public health professionals - is identified as one of the essential integrative tools that is fundamental to the activities of both communities. The book also calls for increased data sharing between agencies to promote interdisciplinary research without compromising privacy.

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189

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030910470X

ISBN 13

9780309104708

Frontiers in Agricultural Research

Food, Health, Environment, and Communities

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Opportunities in Agriculture

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Frontiers in Agricultural Research

Food, Health, Environment, and Communities

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Opportunities in Agriculture

This report is a congressionally mandated review of the US Department of Agriculture's Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area, the main engine of publicly funded agricultural research in the United States. A changing social and scientific context of agriculture requires a new vision of agricultural research-one that will support agriculture as a positive economic, social, and environmental force. REE is uniquely positioned to advance new research frontiers in environment, public health, and rural communities. The report recommends that REE be more anticipatory and strategic in its use of limited resources and guide and champion new directions in research.

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269

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309084946

ISBN 13

9780309084949

Field Testing Genetically Modified Organisms

Framework for Decisions

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Scientific Evaluation of the Introduction of Genetically Modified Microorganisms and Plants into the Environment

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Field Testing Genetically Modified Organisms

Framework for Decisions

Potential benefits from the use of genetically modified organismsâ€"such as bacteria that biodegrade environmental pollutantsâ€"are enormous. To minimize the risks of releasing such organisms into the environment, regulators are working to develop rational safeguards. This volume provides a comprehensive examination of the issues surrounding testing these organisms in the laboratory or the field and a practical framework for making decisions about organism release. Beginning with a discussion of classical versus molecular techniques for genetic alteration, the volume is divided into major sections for plants and microorganisms and covers the characteristics of altered organisms, past experience with releases, and such specific issues as whether plant introductions could promote weediness. The executive summary presents major conclusions and outlines the recommended decision-making framework.

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185

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309040760

ISBN 13

9780309040761

Ward Valley

An Examination of Seven Issues in Earth Sciences and Ecology

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee to Review Specific Scientific and Technical Safety Issues Related to the Ward Valley, California Low-Level Radioactive Waste Site

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Ward Valley

An Examination of Seven Issues in Earth Sciences and Ecology

The book examines specific scientific and technical safety issues related to the proposed low-level radioactive waste site at Ward Valley, California. It includes, among other issues, evaluation of the potential for infiltration by shallow subsurface water, contamination of ground water and the Colorado River, damaging effects on the desert tortoise habitat, and restoration of the native vegetation.

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253

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309052882

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9780309052887

Renewable Fuel Standard

Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Economic and Environmental Impacts of Increasing Biofuels Production

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Renewable Fuel Standard

Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy

In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report.

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416

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309187516

ISBN 13

9780309187510

Transforming Remote Sensing Data into Information and Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Steering Committee on Space Applications and Commercialization

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Transforming Remote Sensing Data into Information and Applications

Over the past decade renewed interest in practical applications of Earth observations from space has coincided with and been fueled by significant improvements in the availability of remote sensing data and in their spectral and spatial resolution. In addition, advances in complementary spatial data technologies such as geographic information systems and the Global Positioning System have permitted more varied uses of the data. During the same period, the institutions that produce remote sensing data have also become more diversified. In the United States, satellite remote sensing was until recently dominated largely by federal agencies and their private sector contractors. However, private firms are increasingly playing a more prominent role, even a leadership role, in providing satellite remote sensing data, through either public-private partnerships or the establishment of commercial entities that serve both government and private sector Earth observation needs. In addition, a large number of private sector value-adding firms have been established to work with end users of the data. These changes, some technological, some institutional, and some financial, have implications for new and continuing uses of remote sensing data. To gather data for exploring the importance of these changes and their significance for a variety of issues related to the use of remote sensing data, the Space Studies Board initiated a series of three workshops. The first, "Moving Remote Sensing from Research to Applications: Case Studies of the Knowledge Transfer Process," was held in May 2000. This report draws on data and information obtained in the workshop planning meeting with agency sponsors, information presented by workshop speakers and in splinter group discussions, and the expertise and viewpoints of the authoring Steering Committee on Space Applications and Commercialization. The recommendations are the consensus of the steering committee and not necessarily of the workshop participants.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309082714

ISBN 13

9780309082716

Managing Water Resources in the West Under Conditions of Climate Uncertainty

A Proceedings

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Climate Uncertainty and Water Resources Management

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Managing Water Resources in the West Under Conditions of Climate Uncertainty

A Proceedings

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Climate Uncertainty and Water Resources Management

The question of whether the earth's climate is changing in some significant human-induced way remains a matter of much debate. But the fact that climate is variable over time is well known. These two elements of climatic uncertainty affect water resources planning and management in the American West. Managing Water Resources in the West Under Conditions of Climate Uncertainty examines the scientific basis for predictions of climate change, the implications of climate uncertainty for water resources management, and the management options available for responding to climate variability and potential climate change.

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359

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309046777

ISBN 13

9780309046770

Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration

A Research Agenda

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee on Developing a Research Agenda for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration

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Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration

A Research Agenda

To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.

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511

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309484553

ISBN 13

9780309484558

Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment

By: National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Marine Board,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment

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Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment

U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger areas of open water due to climate change. Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is vulnerable to damage from human activities. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment? Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential impacts in U.S. waters. This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an effective response effort in these challenging conditions. According to Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, a full range of proven oil spill response technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on people and sensitive ecosystems. This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important operational and logistical issues. The Arctic acts as an integrating, regulating, and mediating component of the physical, atmospheric and cryospheric systems that govern life on Earth. Not only does the Arctic serve as regulator of many of the Earth's large-scale systems and processes, but it is also an area where choices made have substantial impact on life and choices everywhere on planet Earth. This report's recommendations will assist environmentalists, industry, state and local policymakers, and anyone interested in the future of this special region to preserve and protect it from damaging oil spills.

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350

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030929889X

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9780309298896

Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations

Current Knowledge, Future Needs

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Animal Nutrition,Ad Hoc Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations

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Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations

Current Knowledge, Future Needs

Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.

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286

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309168643

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9780309168649

Implementing the New Biology

Decadal Challenges Linking Food, Energy, and the Environment: Summary of a Workshop, June 3-4, 2010

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Planning Committee on Achieving Research Synergies for Food/Energy/Environment Challenges: A Workshop to Explore the Potential of the

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Implementing the New Biology

Decadal Challenges Linking Food, Energy, and the Environment: Summary of a Workshop, June 3-4, 2010

As the second decade of the 21st century begins, the challenge of how to feed a growing world population and provide sustainable, affordable energy to fulfill daily needs, while also improving human health and protecting the environment, is clear and urgent. Increasing demand for food and energy is projected at the same time as the supply of land and other resources decrease. Increasing levels of greenhouse gasses alter climate, which, in turn, has life-changing implications for a broad range of plant and animal species. But promising developments are on the horizon-scientific discoveries and technologies that have the potential to contribute practical solutions to these seemingly intractable problems. As described in the 2009 National Research Council book, A New Biology for the 21st Century, biological research has experienced extraordinary scientific and technological advances in recent years that have allowed biologists to collect and make sense of ever more detailed observations at ever smaller time intervals. With these advances have come increasingly fruitful collaborations of biologists with scientists and engineers from other disciplines. A New Biology for the 21st Century called for a series of workshops to provide concrete examples of what New Biology research programs could look like. The present volume summarizes the first of those workshops, Implementing the New Biology: Decadal Challenges Linking Food, Energy, and the Environment.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309186544

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9780309186544

A Strategic Vision for NSF Investments in Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on the Development of a Strategic Vision for the U.S. Antarctic Program

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A Strategic Vision for NSF Investments in Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on the Development of a Strategic Vision for the U.S. Antarctic Program

Antarctic and Southern Ocean scientific research has produced a wide array of important and exciting scientific advances. Spanning oceanography to tectonics, microbiology to astrophysics, the extreme Antarctic environment provides unique opportunities to expand our knowledge about how our planet works and even the very origins of the universe. Research on the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic ice sheets is becoming increasingly urgent not only for understanding the future of the region but also its interconnections with and impacts on many other parts of the globe. The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) provides U.S. researchers with broad access to the continent and its surrounding ocean. A Strategic Vision for NSF Investments in Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research identifies priorities and strategic steps forward for Antarctic research and observations for the next decade. This survey presents a decadal vision for strategic investments in compelling research and the infrastructure most critical for supporting this research. This report makes recommendations for high-priority, larger-scale, community-driven research initiatives that address questions poised for significant advance with the next decades. This report also outlines a roadmap through which the vision and these priorities can be met.

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161

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309373700

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9780309373708

The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on the Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture

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The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture

Although chemical pesticides safeguard crops and improve farm productivity, they are increasingly feared for their potentially dangerous residues and their effects on ecosystems. The Future Role of Pesticides explores the role of chemical pesticides in the decade ahead and identifies the most promising opportunities for increasing the benefits and reducing the risks of pesticide use. The committee recommends R&D, program, and policy initiatives for federal agriculture authorities and other stakeholders in the public and private sectors. This book presents clear overviews of key factors in chemical pesticide use, including: Advances in genetic engineering not only of pest-resistant crops but also of pests themselves. Problems in pesticide useâ€"concerns about the health of agricultural workers, the ability of pests to develop resistance, issues of public perception, and more. Impending shifts in agricultureâ€"globalization of the economy, biological "invasions" of organisms, rising sensitivity toward cross-border environmental issues, and other trends. With a model and working examples, this book offers guidance on how to assess various pest control strategies available to today's agriculturist.

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326

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309065267

ISBN 13

9780309065269

Arsenic

By: Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.). Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants

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Arsenic

By: Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.). Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants

An in-depth review of arsenic and its affect on the environment and to man.

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350

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309026040

ISBN 13

9780309026048

A New Era for Irrigation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on the Future of Irrigation in the Face of Competing Demands

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A New Era for Irrigation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on the Future of Irrigation in the Face of Competing Demands

Irrigated agriculture has played a critical role in the economic and social development of the United Statesâ€"but it is also at the root of increasing controversy. How can irrigation best make the transition into an era of increasing water scarcity? In A New Era for Irrigation, experts draw important conclusions about whether irrigation can continue to be the nation's most significant water user, what role the federal government should play, and what the irrigation industry must do to adapt to the conditions of the future. A New Era for Irrigation provides data, examples, and insightful commentary on issues such as: Growing competition for water resources. Developments in technology and science. The role of federal subsidies for crops and water. Uncertainties related to American Indian water rights issues. Concern about environmental problems. And more. The committee identifies broad forces of change and reports on how public and private institutions, scientists and technology experts, and individual irrigators have responded. The report includes detailed case studies from the Great Plains, the Pacific Northwest, California, and Florida, in both the agricultural and turfgrass sectors. The cultural transformation brought about by irrigation may be as profound as the transformation of the landscape. The committee examines major facets of this cultural perspective and explores its place in the future. A New Era for Irrigation explains how irrigation emerged in the nineteenth century, how it met the nation's goals in the twentieth century, and what role it might play in the twenty-first century. It will be important to growers, policymakers, regulators, environmentalists, water and soil scientists, water rights claimants, and interested individuals.

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214

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309053315

ISBN 13

9780309053310

Hydrologic Effects of a Changing Forest Landscape

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Hydrologic Impacts of Forest Management

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Hydrologic Effects of a Changing Forest Landscape

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Hydrologic Impacts of Forest Management

Of all the outputs of forests, water may be the most important. Streamflow from forests provides two-thirds of the nation's clean water supply. Removing forest cover accelerates the rate that precipitation becomes streamflow; therefore, in some areas, cutting trees causes a temporary increase in the volume of water flowing downstream. This effect has spurred political pressure to cut trees to increase water supply, especially in western states where population is rising. However, cutting trees for water gains is not sustainable: increases in flow rate and volume are typically short-lived, and the practice can ultimately degrade water quality and increase vulnerability to flooding. Forest hydrology, the study of how water flows through forests, can help illuminate the connections between forests and water, but it must advance if it is to deal with today's complexities, including climate change, wildfires, and changing patterns of development and ownership. This book identifies actions that scientists, forest and water managers, and citizens can take to help sustain water resources from forests.

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181

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309121086

ISBN 13

9780309121088

Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

Overall Evaluation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee to Review the EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Programs

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Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

Overall Evaluation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee to Review the EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Programs

This is the fourth and final volume reviewing EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). After 4 years of review, the authoring committee retains its belief that EMAP's goals are laudable. However, because achieving the goals of this ambitious program will require that EMAP successfully meet the difficult scientific, practical, and management challenges, the committee continues to question whether and how well all these goals can be achieved. This final overall review reiterates that general assessment.

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179

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309052866

ISBN 13

9780309052863

Riparian Areas

Functions and Strategies for Management

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Riparian Zone Functioning and Strategies for Management

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Riparian Areas

Functions and Strategies for Management

The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that wetlands be protected from degradation because of their important ecological functions including maintenance of high water quality and provision of fish and wildlife habitat. However, this protection generally does not encompass riparian areasâ€"the lands bordering rivers and lakesâ€"even though they often provide the same functions as wetlands. Growing recognition of the similarities in wetland and riparian area functioning and the differences in their legal protection led the NRC in 1999 to undertake a study of riparian areas, which has culminated in Riparian Areas: Functioning and Strategies for Management. The report is intended to heighten awareness of riparian areas commensurate with their ecological and societal values. The primary conclusion is that, because riparian areas perform a disproportionate number of biological and physical functions on a unit area basis, restoration of riparian functions along America's waterbodies should be a national goal.

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449

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309082951

ISBN 13

9780309082952

DNA Technology in Forensic Science

By: Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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DNA Technology in Forensic Science

By: Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

Matching DNA samples from crime scenes and suspects is rapidly becoming a key source of evidence for use in our justice system. DNA Technology in Forensic Science offers recommendations for resolving crucial questions that are emerging as DNA typing becomes more widespread. The volume addreses key issues: Quality and reliability in DNA typing, including the introduction of new technologies, problems of standardization, and approaches to certification. DNA typing in the courtroom, including issues of population genetics, levels of understanding among judges and juries, and admissibility. Societal issues, such as privacy of DNA data, storage of samples and data, and the rights of defendants to quality testing technology. Combining this original volume with the new update--The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence--provides the complete, up-to-date picture of this highly important and visible topic. This volume offers important guidance to anyone working with this emerging law enforcement tool: policymakers, specialists in criminal law, forensic scientists, geneticists, researchers, faculty, and students.

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610

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045878

ISBN 13

9780309045872

Nutrient Requirements of Horses

Sixth Revised Edition

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Horses

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Nutrient Requirements of Horses

Sixth Revised Edition

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Horses

Proper formulation of diets for horses depends on adequate knowledge of their nutrient requirements. These requirements depend on the breed and age of the horse and whether it is exercising, pregnant, or lactating. A great deal of new information has been accumulated since the publication 17 years ago of the last edition of Nutrient Requirements of Horses. This new edition features a detailed review of scientific literature, summarizing all the latest information, and provides a new set of requirements based on revised data. Also included is updated information on the composition of feeds, feed additives, and other compounds routinely fed to horses. The effects of physiological factors, such as exercise, and environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, are covered, as well. Nutrient Requirements of Horses also contains information on several nutritional and metabolic diseases that horses often have. Designed primarily as a reference, both practical and technical, Nutrient Requirements of Horses is intended to ensure that the diets of horses and other equids contain adequate amounts of nutrients and that the intakes of certain nutrients are not so excessive that they inhibit performance or impair health. This book is primarily intended for animal nutritionists, veterinarians, and other scientists; however, individual horse owners and managers will also find some of this material useful. Professors who teach graduate courses in animal nutrition will find Nutrient Requirements of Horses beneficial as a textbook.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030910212X

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9780309102124

Water for the Future

The West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan

By: U.S. National Academy of Sciences,Royal Scientific Society, Jordan,Palestine Academy for Science and Technology,Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Sustainable Water Supplies in the Middle East

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Water for the Future

The West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan

This book is the result of a joint research effort led by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and involving the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan, the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and the Palestine Health Council. It discusses opportunities for enhancement of water supplies and avoidance of overexploitation of water resources in the Middle East. Based on the concept that ecosystem goods and services are essential to maintaining water quality and quantity, the book emphasizes conservation, improved use of current technologies, and water management approaches that are compatible with environmental quality.

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243

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030906421X

ISBN 13

9780309064217

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