This book, combining history and reality, theory and practice, is devoted to establishing a theoretical system on the Belt and Road Initiative by analyzing 24 related major questions , such as a community with a shared future for mankind, Green Silk Road, Digital Belt and Road, the Arctic Channel, Geographic Space, financial innovation, energy cooperation, language planning and discourse power of think tanks. This book proposes relevant theoretical frameworks and suggestions to provide intellectual support for the development of the Belt and Road Initiative.
This book addresses development laws for axial strain and excess pore water pressure in silty clay around subway shield tunnels before and after freezing-thawing when subjected to subway loading, as well as the effect of freezing-thawing on the dynamic parameters of silty clay, including the dynamic modulus and damping ratio, introducing readers to the design and construction of bypasses in subway tunnels with the artificial freezing method. On this basis, it then studies the microstructures of silty clay before and after freezing-thawing cyclic loading by means of scanning electron microscope tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry tests. Lastly, the book presents a numerical simulation of the dynamics of silty clay around subway tunnels before and after thawing. Given its scope, it offers a valuable reference guide for construction researchers and designers alike, as well as senior undergraduate and graduate students at colleges and universities.
This book focuses on the characteristics of cooperative control problems for general linear multi-agent systems, including formation control, air traffic control, rendezvous, foraging, role assignment, and cooperative search. On this basis and combined with linear system theory, it introduces readers to the cooperative tracking problem for identical continuous-time multi-agent systems under state-coupled dynamics; the cooperative output regulation for heterogeneous multi-agent systems; and the optimal output regulation for model-free multi-agent systems. In closing, the results are extended to multiple leaders, and cooperative containment control for uncertain multi-agent systems is addressed. Given its scope, the book offers an essential reference guide for researchers and designers of multi-agent systems, as well as a valuable resource for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Web Services, ICWS-Europe 2003, held in Erfurt, Germany, in September 2003. The 16 revised full papers included in the book were carefully reviewed and selected for presentation. The papers are organized in topical sections on constructing and running service-oriented architectures, Web service security, configuration and communication, confluence with agent technology and semantic Web enabled Web services, and current and future issues.
This book provides a general review of the literature on underground structures, combined with new specifications, engineering case studies, and numerical simulations based on the authors’ research. It focuses on the basic concepts, theories, and methods of the design of underground structures. After an introduction, it covers various topics, such as elastic foundation beam theory and numerical analysis methods for underground structures, as well as the design of shallow underground structures, diaphragm wall structures, shield tunnel structures, caisson structures, immersed tube structures, and integral tunnel structures. It also includes tables for calculating elastic foundation beam. This book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students majoring in urban underground space engineering, building engineering, highway engineering, railway engineering, bridge and tunnel engineering, water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
This book introduces the applications of deep learning in various human centric visual analysis tasks, including classical ones like face detection and alignment and some newly rising tasks like fashion clothing parsing. Starting from an overview of current research in human centric visual analysis, the book then presents a tutorial of basic concepts and techniques of deep learning. In addition, the book systematically investigates the main human centric analysis tasks of different levels, ranging from detection and segmentation to parsing and higher-level understanding. At last, it presents the state-of-the-art solutions based on deep learning for every task, as well as providing sufficient references and extensive discussions. Specifically, this book addresses four important research topics, including 1) localizing persons in images, such as face and pedestrian detection; 2) parsing persons in details, such as human pose and clothing parsing, 3) identifying and verifying persons, such as face and human identification, and 4) high-level human centric tasks, such as person attributes and human activity understanding. This book can serve as reading material and reference text for academic professors / students or industrial engineers working in the field of vision surveillance, biometrics, and human-computer interaction, where human centric visual analysis are indispensable in analysing human identity, pose, attributes, and behaviours for further understanding.
A monarch is usually born, a member of parliament or a president is usually elected, but a regional leader in China is usually orchestrated to replace his or her predecessor through an opaque process and for reasons not normally made public. The professional trajectories of Chinese regional leaders are mysterious in many ways. Their promotions and demotions can be "predictable" in terms of their age, gender, nationality, education, factions, and previous engagements in the political system. Yet, speaking of their capability, performance, opportunities and arrangements, their future can also be "unexpected". Such arrangements are always originated from the Organization (zuzhi) which represents the Chinese Communist Party. What are the factors the organization considers in order to make its final decisions on nominating and appointing a regional leader? Today’s regional leaders of China will very likely become the central leaders of China in the future. By making an empirical analysis of Chinese regional leaders’ political mobility, Qiao establishes a descriptive political mobility model that reveals leadership trajectories in Chinese politics.
This book and its sister volume constitutes the proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Neural Networks, ISNN 2010, held in Shanghai, China, June 6-9, 2010. The 170 revised full papers of Part I and Part II were carefully selected from 591 submissions and focus on topics such as Neurophysiological Foundation, Theory and Models, Learning and Inference, and Neurodynamics. The second volume, Part II (LNCS 6064) covers the following 5 topics: SVM and Kernel Methods, Vision and Image, Data Mining and Text Analysis, BCI and Brain Imaging, and applications.
Become well versed with all of ShardingSphere's features for every data management need with this comprehensive guide put together by ShardingSphere's founder and core contributors Key Features • Understand the core concepts and efficiently set up Apache ShardingSphere • Enhance existing databases with sharding, elastic scaling, encryption, governance features, and more • Import and customize the ecosystem's core features for various application scenarios Book Description Apache ShardingSphere is a new open source ecosystem for distributed data infrastructures based on pluggability and cloud-native principles that helps enhance your database. This book begins with a quick overview of the main challenges faced by database management systems (DBMSs) in production environments, followed by a brief introduction to the software's kernel concept. After that, using real-world examples of distributed database solutions, elastic scaling, DistSQL, synthetic monitoring, database gateways, and SQL authority and user authentication, you'll fully understand ShardingSphere's architectural components, how they're configured and can be plugged into your existing infrastructure, and how to manage your data and applications. You'll also explore ShardingSphere-JDBC and ShardingSphere-Proxy, the ecosystem's clients, and how they can work either concurrently or independently to address your needs. You'll then learn how to customize the plugin platform to define personalized user strategies and manage multiple configurations seamlessly. Finally, the book enables you to get up and running with functional and performance tests for all scenarios. By the end of this book, you'll be able to build and deploy a customized version of ShardingSphere, addressing the key pain points encountered in your data management infrastructure. What you will learn • Assemble a custom solution using the software's pluggable architecture • Discover how to use Database Plus features effectively • Understand the difference between ShardingSphere-JDBC and ShardingSphere-Proxy • Get to grips with ShardingSphere’s pluggability mechanism • Explore mainstream test models for databases and distributed databases • Perform migrations from an on-premise database to a cloud-based database • Reconfigure your data infrastructure and eliminate switching costs Who this book is for This book is for database administrators working with distributed database solutions who are looking to explore the capabilities of Apache ShardingSphere. DBAs looking for more capable, flexible, and cost-effective alternatives to the solutions they're currently utilizing will also find this book helpful. To get started with this book, a basic understanding of, or even an interest in, databases, relational databases, SQL languages, cloud computing, and data management in general is needed.
This book provides readers the recent algorithmic advances towards realizing the notion of optinformatics in evolutionary learning and optimization. The book also provides readers a variety of practical applications, including inter-domain learning in vehicle route planning, data-driven techniques for feature engineering in automated machine learning, as well as evolutionary transfer reinforcement learning. Through reading this book, the readers will understand the concept of optinformatics, recent research progresses in this direction, as well as particular algorithm designs and application of optinformatics. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are adaptive search approaches that take inspiration from the principles of natural selection and genetics. Due to their efficacy of global search and ease of usage, EAs have been widely deployed to address complex optimization problems occurring in a plethora of real-world domains, including image processing, automation of machine learning, neural architecture search, urban logistics planning, etc. Despite the success enjoyed by EAs, it is worth noting that most existing EA optimizers conduct the evolutionary search process from scratch, ignoring the data that may have been accumulated from different problems solved in the past. However, today, it is well established that real-world problems seldom exist in isolation, such that harnessing the available data from related problems could yield useful information for more efficient problem-solving. Therefore, in recent years, there is an increasing research trend in conducting knowledge learning and data processing along the course of an optimization process, with the goal of achieving accelerated search in conjunction with better solution quality. To this end, the term optinformatics has been coined in the literature as the incorporation of information processing and data mining (i.e., informatics) techniques into the optimization process. The primary market of this book is researchers from both academia and industry, who are working on computational intelligence methods and their applications. This book is also written to be used as a textbook for a postgraduate course in computational intelligence emphasizing methodologies at the intersection of optimization and machine learning.
This book presents the latest findings in the field of brain-inspired intelligence and visual perception (BIVP), and discusses novel research assumptions, including an introduction to brain science and the brain vision hypotheses. Moreover, it introduces readers to the theory and algorithms of BIVP – such as pheromone accumulation and iteration, neural cognitive computing mechanisms, the integration and scheduling of core modules, and brain-inspired perception, motion and control – in a step-by-step manner. Accordingly, it will appeal to university researchers, R&D engineers, undergraduate and graduate students; to anyone interested in robots, brain cognition or computer vision; and to all those wishing to learn about the core theory, principles, methods, algorithms, and applications of BIVP.
This book focuses on domain-specific heterogeneous reconfigurable architectures, demonstrating for readers a computing platform which is flexible enough to support multiple standards, multiple modes, and multiple algorithms. The content is multi-disciplinary, covering areas of wireless communication, computing architecture, and circuit design. The platform described provides real-time processing capability with reasonable implementation cost, achieving balanced trade-offs among flexibility, performance, and hardware costs. The authors discuss efficient design methods for wireless communication processing platforms, from both an algorithm and architecture design perspective. Coverage also includes computing platforms for different wireless technologies and standards, including MIMO, OFDM, Massive MIMO, DVB, WLAN, LTE/LTE-A, and 5G.
In practice, the design and architecture of a cloud varies among cloud providers. We present a generic evaluation framework for the performance, availability and reliability characteristics of various cloud platforms. We describe a generic benchmark architecture for cloud databases, specifically NoSQL database as a service. It measures the performance of replication delay and monetary cost. Service Level Agreements (SLA) represent the contract which captures the agreed upon guarantees between a service provider and its customers. The specifications of existing service level agreements (SLA) for cloud services are not designed to flexibly handle even relatively straightforward performance and technical requirements of consumer applications. We present a novel approach for SLA-based management of cloud-hosted databases from the consumer perspective and an end-to-end framework for consumer-centric SLA management of cloud-hosted databases. The framework facilitates adaptive and dynamic provisioning of the database tier of the software applications based on application-defined policies for satisfying their own SLA performance requirements, avoiding the cost of any SLA violation and controlling the monetary cost of the allocated computing resources. In this framework, the SLA of the consumer applications are declaratively defined in terms of goals which are subjected to a number of constraints that are specific to the application requirements. The framework continuously monitors the application-defined SLA and automatically triggers the execution of necessary corrective actions (scaling out/in the database tier) when required. The framework is database platform-agnostic, uses virtualization-based database replication mechanisms and requires zero source code changes of the cloud-hosted software applications.
The human urinary bladder is subject to a unique and extraordinarily diverse array of congenital, inflammatory, metaplastic, and neoplastic abnormalities. This book provides contemporary, comprehensive, and evidence-based practice information for pathologists, urologists, oncologists, and other medical professionals. In Bladder Pathology, a full spectrum of pathologic conditions that afflict the bladder and urothelium are described and lavishly illustrated. With its emphasis on diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses, this book is of particular value to practicing pathologists—assisting in the pathologist’s recognition, understanding, and accurate interpretation of the light microscopic findings in bladder specimens. Features and benefits of this new volume include: • 1,741 high-quality, color illustrations and 112 tables to illustrate the wide range of pathologic and clinical features in the urinary tract • An evidence-based approach to diagnosis and patient management for infectious, nonneoplastic, and neoplastic conditions • Recent advances in the molecular genetics of the urinary bladder with discussion of their current or potential impact on diagnosis and personalized patient care • With emphasis on the scientific validation of current diagnostic methods and their direct application in clinical practice, Bladder Pathology is a cutting-edge resource that not only offers comprehensive research and clinical information for practicing surgical pathologists, urologists, oncologists, and their clinical colleagues, but also captures a genuine sense of excitement about recent advances in this vital, ever-evolving field.
This book describes the algorithms, validation and preliminary analysis of the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) products, a long-term, high-quality dataset that is now freely available worldwide to government organizations and agencies, scientific research institutions, students and members of the general public. The GLASS products include leaf area index, broadband albedo, broadband emissivity, downward shortwave radiation and photosynthetically active radiation. The first three GLASS products cover 1981 to 2012 with 1km and 5km spatial resolutions and 8-day temporal resolution, and the last two GLASS products span 2008 to 2010 with 3-hour temporal resolution and 5km spatial resolution. These GLASS products are unique. The first three are spatially continuous and cover the longest period of time among all current similar satellite products. The other two products are the highest spatial-resolution global radiation products from satellite observations that are currently available. These products can be downloaded from Beijing Normal University at http://glass-product.bnu.edu.cn/ and the University of Maryland Global Land Cover Facility at http://www.glcf.umd.edu/ The GLASS products are the outcome of a key research project entitled “Generation & Applications of Global Products of Essential Land Variables”, supported by funding from the High-Tech Research and Development Program of China and involving dozens of institutions and nearly one hundred scientists and researchers. Following an introduction, the book contains five chapters corresponding to these five GLASS products: background, algorithm, quality control and validation, preliminary analysis and applications. It discusses the long-term environmental changes detected from the GLASS products and other data sources at both global and local scales and also provides detailed analysis of regional hotspots where environmental changes are mainly associated with climate change, drought, land-atmosphere interactions, and human activities. The book is based primarily on a set of published journal papers about these five GLASS products and includes updated information. Since these products have now begun to be widely used, this book is an essential reference document. It is also a very helpful resource to anyone interested in satellite remote sensing and its applications.
This book provides information on characterizing the microstructure and mechanical properties of cementitious materials at microscale. Specifically, with the intention to provide the methods of preparing the samples for the micro-scale mechanical testing, to address the techniques for measuring and analyzing the elastic modulus, the stiffness, and the fracture toughness of cementitious materials at micro scale by instrumented indentation, to describe a method for measuring and interpreting creep behavior of cementitious materials at micro scale, and to demonstrate the homogenization method for obtaining the mechanical properties of cementitious materials across scales. The information in this book is helpful to a wide readership in the field of civil engineering and materials science working with cementitious materials and other composite materials.
Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattices by Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing presents the design, manufacturing, microstructure, mechanical properties and applications of TPMS structures fabricated by selective laser additive manufacturing technology. The title explains these complex and useful structures based on systematic work in the UK and China. Sections introduce structure design methods, assess TPMS structures, explain mathematical their modeling, present the manufacturing, microstructure, mechanical and fatigue properties of metal uniform TPMS structures, discuss manufacturing and mechanical responses for functionally graded TPMS structures, give numerical analysis methods for predicting the mechanics of uniform and functionally graded TPMS structures, and more. Presents the state-of-the art in triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures by surface laser melting (SLM) Describes how to assess manufacturability of TPMS structures by additive manufacturing (AM) Analyzes the mechanical properties of TPMS structures through experimental and numerical methods Details topology optimization for pore size Gives fatigue fracture mechanics for TPMS structures
Multiscale Structural Topology Optimization discusses the development of a multiscale design framework for topology optimization of multiscale nonlinear structures. With the intention to alleviate the heavy computational burden of the design framework, the authors present a POD-based adaptive surrogate model for the RVE solutions at the microscopic scale and make a step further towards the design of multiscale elastoviscoplastic structures. Various optimization methods for structural size, shape, and topology designs have been developed and widely employed in engineering applications. Topology optimization has been recognized as one of the most effective tools for least weight and performance design, especially in aeronautics and aerospace engineering. This book focuses on the simultaneous design of both macroscopic structure and microscopic materials. In this model, the material microstructures are optimized in response to the macroscopic solution, which results in the nonlinearity of the equilibrium problem of the interface of the two scales. The authors include a reduce database model from a set of numerical experiments in the space of effective strain. Presents the first attempts towards topology optimization design of nonlinear highly heterogeneous structures Helps with simultaneous design of the topologies of both macroscopic structure and microscopic materials Helps with development of computer codes for the designs of nonlinear structures and of materials with extreme constitutive properties Focuses on the simultaneous design of both macroscopic structure and microscopic materials Includes a reduce database model from a set of numerical experiments in the space of effective strain
Previous research has generally shown a very small although statistically significant economic benefit from attending high-quality colleges. This small effect was at odds with what students' college choice and various social theories would seem to suggest. This study sought to reconcile the empirical evidence and theories. The effort was in two directions. First, the economic effect of college quality was expanded from examining only the economic benefit to considering other student outcomes including job satisfaction and graduate degree accomplishment. A new perspective regarding the social role of college quality was offered in conclusion.
Time frequency analysis has been the object of intense research activity in the last decade. This book gives a self-contained account of methods recently introduced to analyze mathematical functions and signals simultaneously in terms of time and frequency variables. The book gives a detailed presentation of the applications of these transforms to signal processing, emphasizing the continuous transforms and their applications to signal analysis problems, including estimation, denoising, detection, and synthesis. To help the reader perform these analyses, Practical Time-Frequency Analysis provides a set of useful tools in the form of a library of S functions, downloadable from the authors' Web sites in the United States and France. Detailed presentation of the Wavelet and Gabor transforms Applications to deterministic and random signal theory Spectral analysis of nonstationary signals and processes Numerous practical examples ranging from speech analysis to underwater acoustics, earthquake engineering, internet traffic, radar signal denoising, medical data interpretation, etc Accompanying software and data sets, freely downloadable from the book's Web page
This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the application of artificial intelligence in social computing, from fundamental data processing to advanced social network computing. To broaden readers’ understanding of the topics addressed, it includes extensive data and a large number of charts and references, covering theories, techniques and applications. It particularly focuses on data collection, data mining, artificial intelligence algorithms in social computing, and several key applications of social computing application, and also discusses network propagation mechanisms and dynamic analysis, which provide useful insights into how information is disseminated in online social networks. This book is intended for readers with a basic knowledge of advanced mathematics and computer science.
This book examines the various stages of China’s development, in the economic, social, and political fields, relating theories and models of development to what is actually occurring in China, and discussing how China’s development is likely to progress going forward. It argues that China’s modernization hitherto can be characterized as "authoritarian development" – a fusion of mixed economic institutions of varying types of ownership with social stability and political cohesiveness – and that the present phase, where more emphasis is being given to social issues, is likely to lead on to a new phase where a more mature civil society and a more extensive middle class are likely to look for greater democratization. It presents an in-depth analysis of China’s changing social structure and civil society, explores the forces for and processes of democratization, and assesses the prospects for further democratization in the light of changing social structures.
The Shanghai basic education system has garnered significant attention since its extraordinary performance in the 2009 and 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a global assessment of 15-year-olds’ educational abilities. Among the 65 participating economies in 2012, Shanghai-China ranked first on all three major domains of PISA, i.e. mathematics, reading, and science. Shanghai also stands out for having the world’s highest percentage of “resilient students†?, students from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds who emerge as top performers. Shanghai’s PISA story has generated intense discussions and diverse speculations in field of international educational development, and numerous studies have been done in the attempt to unravel the mystery. Missing from the picture however is a more comprehensive, systematic, in-depth, and objective rendition of the policies and practices of Shanghai basic education, benchmarked against others in key dimensions. This report presents an in-depth examination of how Shanghai scored highest in the areas of reading, science, and mathematics on PISA. It documents and benchmarks key policies in basic Shanghai education, provides evidence on the extent to which these policies have been implemented in schools, and explores how these policies have affected learning outcomes. The report uses PISA 2012 data to analyze Shanghai student achievement variation and to examine the extent school variables may be associated with the variation beyond family and student background. It also uses the World Bank’s Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER), an existing systems diagnostic and benchmarking tool, as an organizing framework and for data collection. School-based surveys and other existing research shed further light on educational impact and implementation. While the report attempts to adopt a systems approach, particular emphasis is placed on teachers, education financing, balancing autonomy and accountability, and student assessment.
This book introduces China’s current publishing industry in the new era, especially when facing the big challenge from social media and technology transformation. Based on the calculation for the first time, the book and overall size of the content data of publications in China, the book presents 15 cases of Chinese publishers looking for opportunities to develop business, using the technology of big data and Internet. For global readers, it may help to build an overview on China's publishing industry and business innovation cases of media companies.
This book illustrates the latest progress on the hydrodynamic instabilities induced by a shock wave, particularly RM (Richtmyer–Meshkov) instability. The hydrodynamic instabilities play crucial roles in various industrial and scientific fields, such as inertial confinement fusion, supersonic combustion, supernova explosion, etc. This book experimentally and theoretically explores the shock-driven instabilities of complex gas-gas and gas-liquid interfaces. The main difficulty in performing an experimental study on RM instability, especially in a shock-tube circumstance, lies in creating an idealized initial interface because the RM instability is extremely sensitive to the initial condition. This book introduces new experimental methods to generate shape-controllable two-dimensional gaseous interfaces, thickness-controllable gas layers, and water droplets embedded with a vapour bubble in the shock-tube experiments. It covers the latest experiments and theories on the shock-driven hydrodynamic instabilities of multi-mode, multi-layer, and multi-phase interfaces. It explores the effects of the mode-competition, interface-coupling, and phase-transition on interface evolution, respectively. This book establishes a universal nonlinear theory to predict the RM instability of a shocked multi-mode interface based on spectrum analysis. This book quantifies the effects of interface-coupling and reverberating waves on the hydrodynamic instabilities of a shocked multi-layer interface. This book provides the experimental studies of the interaction of a shock wave and a multi-phase droplet and proposes a modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation to predict the vapour bubble collapse inside a droplet.
This Java based graphics text introduces advanced graphic features to a student audience mostly trained in the Java language. Its accessible approach and in-depth coverage features the high-level Java 2D and Java 3D APIs, offering a presentation of 2D and 3D graphics without compromising the fundamentals of the subject.
As a new interpretable model, three-way decision has also received academic attention in machine learning. With respect to different hesitant fuzzy information, this book deeply discusses the deduction process of decision rules of three-way decision and generates interpretable knowledge with the risk semantics. It further explores the applications of three-way decision to support healthcare management. This book is used as a reference for engineers, technicians, and researchers who are working in the fields of management science, operation management, computer science, information management, fuzzy mathematics, business intelligence, and other fields. It also serves as a textbook for postgraduate and senior undergraduate students of the relevant professional institutions of higher learning.
This book is unique in its ambitious and comprehensive coverage of earth system land surface characterization, from observation and modeling to data assimilation, including recent developments in theory and techniques, and novel application cases. The contributing authors are active research scientists, and many of them are internationally known leading experts in their areas, ensuring that the text is authoritative.This book comprises four parts that are logically connected from data, modeling, data assimilation integrating data and models to applications. Land data assimilation is the key focus of the book, which encompasses both theoretical and applied aspects with various novel methodologies and applications to the water cycle, carbon cycle, crop monitoring, and yield estimation.Readers can benefit from a state-of-the-art presentation of the latest tools and their usage for understanding earth system processes. Discussions in the book present and stimulate new challenges and questions facing today''s earth science and modeling communities.
This book extends the conventional two-dimensional (2D) magnet arrangement into 3D pattern for permanent magnet linear machines for the first time, and proposes a novel dual Halbach array. It can not only effectively increase the radial component of magnetic flux density and output force of tubular linear machines, but also significantly reduce the axial flux density, radial force and thus system vibrations and noises. The book is also the first to address the fundamentals and provide a summary of conventional arrays, as well as novel concepts for PM pole design in electric linear machines. It covers theoretical study, numerical simulation, design optimization and experimental works systematically. The design concept and analytical approaches can be implemented to other linear and rotary machines with similar structures. The book will be of interest to academics, researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students in electronic engineering and mechanical engineering who wish to learn the core principles, methods, and applications of linear and rotary machines.
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