This book guides readers through ten classic works of Asian philosophy. Several major schools of Eastern thought are discussed, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism/Taoism, and Chan/Zen. The author connects the ideas of these schools to those of Western philosophy, thereby making the material accessible to people who are unfamiliar with the cultures and intellectual traditions of Asia. A wide range of important topics are addressed: reality, time, self, knowledge, ethics, human nature, enlightenment, and death.
Mommy, where is our dad?" "Gu Ning." The two cute and pitiful looking people looked at Gu Ning. Eh ... Didn't Mom tell you? "You have no father, your father is dead." "Mommy, are you telling the truth?" "Of course, what Mommy said is true. When has Mommy ever lied to you?" "Then who is he?" The two cute kids pointed at the area behind Gu Ning. Gu Ning turned around and looked at the face that was very similar to his own two children. For a moment, she didn't know how to respond. Hearing Gu Ning's words, Mu Yu Xuan's face was filled with anger. He gritted his teeth and said angrily: "Heh, a woman like you actually dared to say I'm dead. I'll let you see whether I'm alive or dead." After saying that, he stepped forward and carried Gu Ning into the bedroom. " "Big brother, mom will be fine, right?" I don't think so.
Volume III in the Ben cao gang mu series offers a complete translation of chapters 12 through 14, devoted to mountain herbs and fragrant herbs. The Ben cao gang mu is a sixteenth-century Chinese encyclopedia of medical matter and natural history by Li Shizhen (1518–1593). The culmination of a sixteen-hundred-year history of Chinese medical and pharmaceutical literature, it is considered the most important and comprehensive book ever written in the history of Chinese medicine and remains an invaluable resource for researchers and practitioners. This nine-volume series reveals an almost two-millennia-long panorama of wide-ranging observations and sophisticated interpretations, ingenious manipulations, and practical applications of natural substances for the benefit of human health. Paul U. Unschuld's annotated translation of the Ben cao gang mu, presented here with the original Chinese text, opens a rare window into viewing the people and culture of China's past.
Vampires were reborn in a different world. They used their twin heavenly souls to shock the world. From then on, they began to rise to greatness. They went from useless trash to the top of the world, rising step by step to the pinnacle of martial arts.
This book offers a sociological analysis as well as a theological discussion of China’s internal migration since the marketization reform in 1978. It documents the social and political processes that encompass the experiences of internal migrants from the countryside to the city during China’s integration into the global economy. Informed by sociological analysis and narratives of the urban poor, this volume reconstructs the political, economic, social and spiritual dimensions of this urban underclass in China who made up the economic backbone of the Asian superpower.
Chen Mo, who was the eldest senior brother of the Mysterious Doctor Sect, was kicked down the mountain by his wretched master. He originally thought that he could only set up stalls in the city to treat her illness, but because of fate, he saved the life of the missy and became her personal doctor. From then on, the village met with the water dragon, in the city mixed with the wind and water!
This pivot considers the impact of INSET courses on EFL teachers practicing under the national curriculum reform in China. Providing context-specific findings on the policy and implementation of INSET as well as its impact on teacher education initiatives in both China and similar contexts, it explores the limitations of one off training events such as INSET and the inconsistency between teacher learning results and their classroom practices. The book argues that teachers, when returning to pre-INSET teaching, are influenced by their prior deeply-rooted beliefs largely considered more powerful than newly-learnt theories. Addressing the rarely discussed fact that the complex and dynamic characteristics of teacher learning change over time and support the construct of teacher learning as a social event rather than a one-off event, the book also offers practical solutions on how to improve teacher education and enhance the long-term INSET impact on teacher development, with the ambition of promoting education reform for both teachers and students alike.
At the end of the Warring States Period, the Qin Kingdom began to become more and more powerful after the Shang Martingale Change Method was adopted. After the internal strife of Lao Ai and Lu Buwei, the First Emperor, Ying Zheng, appointed Li Si as the prime minister, and Wang Jian and Huan Gonggong as the grand generals. This action infuriated all the people in the world. Some of them raised their hands to fight back, and the most powerful force was the Mo family. Since the Mo family had always followed the strategy of "loving each other but attacking each other", the world's righteous scholars all responded, and those who responded threw life and death away, and the people of the martial world all revered them as "ink people". Faced with the pressure of the Blizzard Qin, could the Mo family turn the tide? This was how a life-and-death duel would begin? [Previous Chapter] [Table of Contents] [Next Chapter]
This book will act as a powerful introduction to the story of Beijing Opera over the course of the twentieth century with a particularly strong emphasis on the Communist period and its influence on contemporary performance. Using excellent oral history research and with a strong focus on practice and performance techniques, Li Ruru places the genre in both its historical and global context: not a timeless Chinese tradition, but a product of China's turbulent twentieth century and the global interactions that were a key part of that history." Henrietta Harrison, Harvard University "This meticulously researched and colourful account of the highly complex performance form, jingju, will be of interest to a wide constituency of theatre scholars and cultural historians. Writing from the unique dual perspective of`insider/practitioner' and academic, Li Ruru deftly weaves oral and cultural histories together with detailed performance analyses, including a fascinating chapter on the secrets of jingju training. This book promises to raise significantly the profile of this Chinese total theatre for English-speaking audiences."Jonathan Pitches, founding co-editor of Theatre, Dance and Performance Training "Li Ruru's unique and valuable perspective combines the critical eye of the imaginative researcher with the intimate perspective of a true jingju insider-the daughter of one of the twentieth century's leading female performers. Impeccably researched, passionate and personal, this aptly titled book provides readers with an exciting and thought provoking look at jingju history and performance practice through its focus on the lives and work of six controversial leading artists." Elizabeth Wichmann-Walczak, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Any traditional theatre has to engage the changing world to avoid becoming a living fossil. How has Beijing Opera --- a highly stylized theatre with breath-taking acrobatics and martial arts, fabulous costumes and striking makeup --- survived into the new millennium while coping with a century of great upheavals and competition from new entertainment forms? Li Ruru's The Soul of Beijing Opera answers that question, looking at the evolution of singing and performance styles, make-up and costume, audience demands, as well as stage and street presentation modes amid tumultuous social and political changes. Li's study follows a number of major artists' careers in mainland China and Taiwan, drawing on extensive primary print sources as well as personal interviews with performers and their cultural peers. One chapter focuses on the illustrious career of Li's own mother and how she adapted to changes in Communist ideology. In addition, she explores how performers as social beings have responded to conflicts between tradition and modernity, and between convention and innovation. Through performers' negotiation and compromises. Beijing Opera has undergone constant re-examination of its inner artistic logic and adjusted to the demands of the external world.
The Formation of Chinese Art Cinema: 1990–2003 examines the development of Chinese art film in the People’s Republic of China from 1990, when the first Sixth Generation film Mama was released, to 2003, when authorities acknowledged the legitimacy of underground filmmakers. Through an exploration of the production and consecration mechanisms of the new art wave and its representative styles, this book argues that the art wave of the 1990s fundamentally defined Chinese art cinema. In particular, this vital art wave was not enabled by democratic liberalism, but by the specific industrial development, in which the film system transitioned from Socialist propaganda into a commercialized entity. Allowing Chinese art film to grow but at the same time denying its legitimacy, this paradoxical transition process shaped Chinese art film’s institutional and aesthetical alternative positioning, which eventually helped consolidate the art wave into art cinema. Ultimately, this book is a history of the Chinese portion of global art cinema, which also reveals the complex Chinese cultural experiences during the Reform Era.
A modern classic, Shang Yun-Xiang Style Xingyiquan is essential for Xingyiquan practitioners and a useful guide for any practitioner of the Chinese martial arts. While focusing on Shang-style Xingyiquan (derived from author Li Wen-Bin's training under Grandmaster Shang Yun-Xiang), this book clearly breaks down the fundamentals of those movements and forms found in all of Xingyiquan (and other internal martial arts). Rather than simply presenting the traditional, often-cryptic poetry or "songs" to impart martial concepts, Li goes into great detail to explain to readers of all levels the finer points of Xingyi training. Featuring hundreds of original photographs and step-by-step explanation of movements, Shang Yun Xiang Style Xingyiquan is an excellent companion to Xingyiquan training of any style or school. Table of Contents Chapter 1 In Search of the Missing Points in the Origin of Xing Yi Quan Techniques Chapter 2 Features of Shang Yun-Xiang Style Xing Yi Quan Chapter 3 The Foundation for Xing Yi Gong Fu Chapter 4 Wu Xing Quan 五行拳(Five Element Fist) Chapter 5 Jin Tui Lian Huan Quan 进退连环拳 ( Advance & Retreat Linking Fist) Chapter 6 Traditional Xing Yi Weapons
Southeast Asia is regarded as one of the birthplaces of modern humans. Recent genetic evidence shows that it was probably the entry point of modern humans from Africa into East Asia and Oceania. With the help of new markers X mostly from the Y-chromosome and mtDNA X several recent efforts have been made to study the populations of Southeast Asia, which have been somewhat neglected in the past. A new picture of the origin and migrations of modern humans in this region is quickly emerging. In this book, the leading researchers in the studies of Southeast Asian, East Asian, and Oceanian populations present the most up-to-date results of their research. Contents: Prehistory of Human Populations: Archaelogical, Linguistic and Paleontological Perspectives: Prehistory, Language and Human Biology: Is There a Consensus in East and Southeast Asia? (C F W Higham); Human Diversity and Language Diversity (W S-Y Wang); Before the Neolithic: HunterBGatherer Societies in Central Thailand (R Thosarat); The Peopling of Southeast Asia: The Case for an African Rather Than an Asian Origin of the Human Y-Chromosome YAP Insertion (P A Underhill & C C Roseman); Genetic History of Ethnic Populations in Southwestern China (B Su et al.); Y-Chromosomal Variation in Uxorilocal and Patrilocal Populations in Thailand (M Srikummool et al.); Genetic Relationships Among 16 Ethnic Groups from Malaysia and Southeast Asia (S G Tan); The Peopling of East Asia: Chinese Human Genome Diversity Project: A Synopsis (J Chu); Origins and Prehistoric Migrations of Modern Humans in East Asia (B Su & L Jin); The Peopling of Oceania: The Genetic Trail from Southeast Asia to the Pacific (R Deka et al.); The Colonization of Remote Oceania and the Drowning of Sundaland (J K Lum). Readership: Upper-level undergraduates, graduate students and researchers in genetics, anthropology and linguistics.
This book lays the foundations for quality modeling and analysis in the context of supply chains through a synthesis of the economics, operations management, as well as operations research/management science literature on quality. The reality of today's supply chain networks, given their global reach from sourcing locations to points of demand, is further challenged by such issues as the growth in outsourcing as well as the information asymmetry associated with what producers know about the quality of their products and what consumers know. Although much of the related literature has focused on the micro aspects of supply chain networks, considering two or three decision-makers, it is essential to capture the scale of supply chain networks in a holistic manner that occurs in practice in order to be able to evaluate and analyze the competition and the impacts on supply chain quality in a quantifiable manner. This volume provides an overview of the fundamental methodologies utilized in this book, including optimization theory, game theory, variational inequality theory, and projected dynamical systems theory. It then focuses on major issues in today's supply chains with respect to quality, beginning with information asymmetry, followed by product differentiation and branding, the outsourcing of production, from components to final products, to quality in freight service provision. The book is filled with numerous real-life examples in order to emphasize the generality and pragmatism of the models and tools. The novelty of the framework lies in a network economics perspective through which the authors identify the underlying network structure of the various supply chains, coupled with the behavior of the decision-makers, ranging from suppliers and manufacturers to freight service providers. What is meant by quality is rigorously defined and quantified. The authors explore the underlying dynamics associated with the competitive processes along with the equilibrium solutions. As appropriate, the supply chain decision-makers compete in terms of quantity and quality, or in price and quality. The relevance of the various models that are developed to specific industrial sectors, including pharmaceuticals and high technology products, is clearly made. Qualitative analyses are provided, along with effective, and, easy to implement, computational procedures. Finally, the impacts of policy interventions, in the form of minimum quality standards, and their ramifications, in terms of product prices, quality levels, as well as profits are explored. The book is filled with many network figures, graphs, and tables with data.
Focusing on the influence of Maoist ideology and masculinist power on the representations of women in revolutionary opera films made during the Cultural Revolution, this book considers the gendered hierarchy between masculinity and femininity in relation to the historic and cultural context in which they were made. Using feminist methodology and epistemology to locate women’s social identity, this book explores the sociological connections between the masculinisation of women and masculinist domination in the context of the Cultural Revolution. Through film analysis, the author examines whether women, rather than 'liberated', were in fact re-gendered and oppressed by masculinist power. By critically evaluating gender hierarchy during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, the book provides hitherto neglected insights into gender within its social and cultural context. This an interdisciplinary book which should appeal to students and scholars across a range of disciplines, including gender studies, Asian studies, China studies, cultural studies and film studies.
Volume V in the Ben cao gang mu series offers a complete translation of chapters 18 through 25, devoted to creeping herbs, water herbs, herbs growing on stones, mosses, and cereals. The Ben cao gang mu is a sixteenth-century Chinese encyclopedia of medical matter and natural history by Li Shizhen (1518–1593). The culmination of a sixteen-hundred-year history of Chinese medical and pharmaceutical literature, it is considered the most important and comprehensive book ever written in the history of Chinese medicine and remains an invaluable resource for researchers and practitioners. This nine-volume series reveals an almost two-millennia-long panorama of wide-ranging observations and sophisticated interpretations, ingenious manipulations, and practical applications of natural substances for the benefit of human health. Paul U. Unschuld's annotated translation of the Ben cao gang mu, presented here with the original Chinese text, opens a rare window into viewing the people and culture of China's past.
As one of the largest families within the Caridea, the Alpheidae have attracted much attention for its species richness, especially on coral reefs. The Alpheidae are one of the most abundant decapods in tropical and subtropical areas, with 48 genera and more than 700 known species. The Alpheidae present a particular challenge in terms of both taxonomy and systematics as they are difficult to identify (some species vary in their growth and there are often large differences between the sexes). Traditional, morphology-based research on the Alpheidae still plays an important role in identifying species, compared with new methods, such as the short gene sequences. Based on more than 2000 specimens collected from the China Seas, this book describes and clearly illustrates 146 species belonging to 16 genera of the Alpheidae. It also presents the key features of every genus and every species within every genus, to enable readers to easily identify the alphid shrimps of the China Seas.
Volume VIII in the Ben cao gang mu series offers a complete translation of chapters 38 through 46, devoted to clothes, utensils, worms, insects, amphibians, animals with scales, and animals with shells. The Ben cao gang mu is a sixteenth-century Chinese encyclopedia of medical matter and natural history by Li Shizhen (1518–1593). The culmination of a sixteen-hundred-year history of Chinese medical and pharmaceutical literature, it is considered the most important and comprehensive book ever written in the history of Chinese medicine and remains an invaluable resource for researchers and practitioners. This nine-volume series reveals an almost two-millennia-long panorama of wide-ranging observations and sophisticated interpretations, ingenious manipulations, and practical applications of natural substances for the benefit of human health. Paul Unschuld's annotated translation of the Ben cao gang mu, presented here with the original Chinese text, opens a rare window into viewing the people and culture of China's past.
This book provides a fresh interpretation of how Chinese civilization was created and transformed in the process of its early formation (1766-221 BC). It describes the principal features of that civilization which had a profound impact on the later development of Chinese history. In particular, it discusses in detail the main characteristics of the social and political organizations of that period, and argues that, contrary to the traditional interpretation, economic development in ancient China had its own dynamism.
Nominal Arguments in Language Variation investigates nominal arguments in classifier languages, refuting the long-held claim that classifier languages do not have overt article determiners. Li Julie Jiang brings the typologically unique Nuosu Yi, a classifier language that has an overt definite determiner (D), to the forefront of the theoretical investigation. By comparing nominal arguments in Nuosu Yi to those in Mandarin, a well-studied classifier language that has no overt evidence of an article determiner, Jiang provides new accounts of variation among classifier languages and extends the parameters to argument formation in general. In addition to paying particular attention to these two classifier languages, the discussion of nominal arguments also covers a wider range of classifier languages and number marking languages from Romance, Germanic, and Slavic to Hindi. Using a broad cross-linguistic perspective and detailed empirical analysis, Nominal Arguments in Language Variation is an important contribution to research on classifier languages and the fields of theoretical syntax, semantics, language variation, and linguistic typology.
Western historians have long speculated about Chinese military intervention in the Vietnam War. It was not until recently, however, that newly available international archival materials, as well as documents from China, have indicated the true extent and level of Chinese participation in the conflict of Vietnam. For the first time in the English language, this book offers an overview of the operations and combat experience of more than 430,000 Chinese troops in Indochina from 1968-73. The Chinese Communist story from the "other side of the hill" explores one of the missing pieces to the historiography of the Vietnam War. The book covers the chronological development and Chinese decision-making by examining Beijing's intentions, security concerns, and major reasons for entering Vietnam to fight against the U.S. armed forces. It explains why China launched a nationwide movement, in Mao Zedong's words, to "assist Vietnam and resist America" in 1965-72. It details PLA foreign war preparation, training, battle planning and execution, tactical decisions, combat problem solving, political indoctrination, and performance evaluations through the Vietnam War. International Communist forces, technology, and logistics proved to be the decisive edge that enabled North Vietnam to survive the U.S. Rolling Thunder bombing campaign and helped the Viet Cong defeat South Vietnam. Chinese and Russian support prolonged the war, making it impossible for the United States to win. With Russian technology and massive Chinese intervention, the NVA and NLF could function on both conventional and unconventional levels, which the American military was not fully prepared to face. Nevertheless, the Vietnam War seriously tested the limits of the communist alliance. Rather than improving Sino-Soviet relations, aid to North Vietnam created a new competition as each communist power attempted to control Southeast Asian communist movement. China shifted its defense and national security concerns from the U.S. to the Soviet Union.
This clearly written, comprehensively indexed, and reader-friendly manual contains more than 350 monographs -- each describing the functions, indications, combinations, and applications of commonly used Chinese Materia Medica. Comprehensive monographs contain: details of main ingredients, taste and nature, channels entered, functions and indications, common dosage, precautions and contraindications. Unique tabular format lists provide "at-a-glance" accessibility. Summary tables in each chapter help you obtain quick overviews of the material covered. Unique coverage on toxicity and legal status. Comprehensive list of appendices and indices -- listings are by pinyin, pharmaceutical, and English names for easy reference.
Author: Dr. LI, JIN WEI, male, was born in Shanghai, China, on February 29, 1956. In terms of education, junior high school graduates whose 10-year education was interrupted due to the impact of the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" in Chinese history from 1966 to 1977 obtained a high school diploma through self-study. From the spring of 1980 to the spring of 1982, he studied in the introductory English course of evening college at Shanghai Foreign Language Institute; In 1984, he passed the examination and was admitted to the Department of History, East China Normal University, one of the famous universities in China, to major in political history. He graduated in 1989 with a diploma and a Bachelor of Arts degree; In 1989, he continued to study on-the-job graduate courses in the Department of Economics of East China Normal University, majoring in world economics. In 1991, he completed six courses. In 1996, he was awarded a master's degree in economics by East China Normal University; In 2016, He began to study the Bible and theology for many years. In 2019, he entered the Art Department of the Current Politics Department of Shanghai Veteran Cadre University. He studied the course "Political Economy and International Issues Research" and piano art courses such as "Baier and Czerny 599" for many years. From January 2020 to January 2022, he studied 20 interdisciplinary certificate courses at Harvard University in the United States, focusing on theology and American government, with an average test score of 96 points. He obtained two series of course graduation certificates and course completion certificates. In May 2021, he was awarded two honorary doctorates of letters from American Trinity University and Evangel Christian University of America. Occupationally, he started as an ordinary salesperson in a world-famous large Shanghai No.1 Food Store on Nanjing Road, Shanghai. He was admitted to the state-owned foreign trade company system as a Shanghai Garment Import and Export Company cadre. He began drafting laws and regulations and temporarily worked in the Shanghai Justice Bureau. Legal publicity, and then entered the past and present world influential world. One of the top ten famous think tanks in China, the Shanghai Institute for International Studies, directly under the Shanghai Municipal Government, worked for a long time as a researcher, editor, and legal counsel, transitioned to self-employment in Canada and succeeded Started and completed the legal consulting business of Jinwei Immigration Consultants. In terms of literary creation, as an influential international relations scholar, he continued to engage in the creation of literature and international relations works in his later years. In October 2022, he published an introduction and discussion with 700,000 words in three languages: English, French, and Chinese. "Christianity & the World" complete series of books, they are: 1. CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD CIVILIZATION 2. CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD CULTURE 3. CHRISTIANITY AND THE WORLD ECONOMY 4. CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD HISTORY 5. CHRISTIANITY AND THE LAW OF THE WORLD 6. CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD VISION 7. CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD PEACE 8. CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD POLITICS 9. CHRISTIANITY AND WORLD RELIGIONS 10. CHRISTIANITY AND UNIVERSAL VALUES In March 2023, “WORLD WAR III AND ITS POSSIBILITIES” was published in both Chinese(270,000 words) and English(130,000 words). In addition to writing books and speaking, according to the significant evolution of international relations in the current situation, he often publishes professional articles and theses while researching world peace issues. He continues to help some people in need with personal charity. The author's representative works in the 1990s are as editor-in-chief of "Encyclopedia of Foreign Affairs Knowledge" (1.25 million words, Shanghai Translation Publishing Condo in 1992), chief editor of "Practical Encyclopedia of Foreign Affairs Knowledge" (1.8 million words, Shanghai Translation Publishing Condo in 1997). Shanghai Library collected these two professional books in encyclopedias. The second edition of "Self-Realization" has 1.2 million Chinese and 820,000 words English words. It was a revised and supplemented version of the author's latest memoir and biographical success story in 2018. Its work is self-writing, self-editing, self-typesetting, and self-published. The National Library and Archives of Canada and the British Library collected the first editions of Self-Realization in 2018. The author writes along the lines of suffering childhood-naughty childhood-discriminated teenager-struggling youth-suffering middle age-successful adult-old age who continues to struggle, involving the author's long-term pursuit of knowledge and continuous progress throughout his life, running through the author's hobbies, health care, many relatives, friends, friends, central classmates from elementary school to Harvard, and other social relationships, supplemented by the historical portrayal of the author's growth environment, it not only introduces the social development of multiple levels of Chinese society And evolution: politics, economy, culture, science and technology, civil affairs, foreign affairs, national defence, environment, and introduces the natural environment, political system, working environment, immigration gains and losses, the free market economy, information Internet society and the era of internationalization of the United States and Canada in western countries The historical background of major domestic events have shaped the author's success and self-realization at various stages of life in an environment of self-struggle for more than 60 years. The title of the work is based on the American psychologist Abraham Harold Maslow ( Abraham Harold Maslow, April 1, 1908 - June 8, 1970 ); the highest stage of the humanistic theory of life is self-realization because the author's ideal and Intention has been self-realized one by one through continuous struggle in many aspects of the reverse environment. Find a way and method of struggle that suits you; This book is a more comprehensive historical work that introduces the founding and important development of the People's Republic of China after 1949. The book is a summary of the author's life. It is complete information with more or fewer intersections with the author in various fields at the same age and fully understands the author's complete information. It is forward-looking and referential; It is also a reference book for understanding the actual situation of Western North American society.
Past, present and future "The archaeological materials recovered from the Anyang excavations ... in the period between 1928 and 1937 ... have laid a new foundation for the study of ancient China (Li, C. 1977: ix)." When inscribed oracle bones and enormous material remains were found through scientific excavation in Anyang in 1928, the historicity of the Shang dynasty was confirmed beyond dispute for the first time (Li, C. 1977: ix-xi). This excavation thus marked the beginning of a modern Chinese archaeology endowed with great potential to reveal much of China's ancient history.. Half a century later, Chinese archaeology had made many unprecedented discoveries which surprised the world, leading Glyn Daniel to believe that "a new awareness of the importance of China will be a key development in archaeology in the decades ahead (Daniel 1981: 211). This enthusiasm was soon shared by the Chinese archaeologists when Su Bingqi announced that "the Golden Age of Chinese archaeology is arriving (Su, B. 1994: 139--140)". In recent decades, archaeology has continuously prospered, becoming one of the most rapidly developing fields in social science in China"--
Built upon a solid foundation of sources, memoirs, and interviews, this study sheds new light on China's efforts in the Vietnam War. Utilizing secondary works in Chinese, Vietnamese, and Western languages, and the author's own familiarity as a former member of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, this examination expands the knowledge of China's relations with the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) during the 1950s and 1960s. As a communist state bordering Vietnam, China actively facilitated the transformation of Ho Chi Minh's army from a small, loosely organized, poorly equipped guerrilla force in the 1940s into a formidable, well-trained professional army capable of defeating first the French (1946–1954) and then the Americans (1963–1973). Even after the signing of the Geneva Peace Agreement, China continued to aggressively support Vietnam. Between 1955 and 1963, Chinese military aid totaled $106 million and these massive contributions enabled Ho Chi Minh to build up a strong conventional force. After 1964, China increased its aid and provided approximately $20 billion more in military and economic aid to Vietnam. Western strategists and historians have long speculated about the extent of China's involvement in Vietnam, but it was not until recently that newly available archival materials revealed the true extent of China's influence—its level of military assistance training, strategic advising, and monetary means during the war. This illuminating study answers questions about China's intention, objective, strategy, and operations of its involvement in the Vietnam Wars.
Financial technology—or fintech—is gaining in popularity globally as a way of making financial services more efficient and accessible. In rapidly developing China, fintech is taking off, catering to markets that state-owned banks and an undersized financial sector do not serve amid a backdrop of growing consumption and a large, tech-savvy millennial generation. It is becoming increasingly likely that some of China’s fintech firms will change the way the world does business. In China’s Fintech Explosion, Sara Hsu and Jianjun Li explore the transformative potential of China’s financial-technology industry, describing the risks and rewards for participants as well as the impact on consumers. They cover fintech’s many subsectors, such as digital payment systems, peer-to-peer lending and crowdfunding, credit card issuance, internet banks, blockchain finance and virtual currencies, and online insurance. The book highlights the disruption of traditional banking as well as the risks of fintech and regulatory technology. Hsu and Li describe major companies including Alipay and Tencent, developer of WeChat Pay and a wealth-management business, and other leading fintech firms such as Creditease, Zhong An Insurance, and JD Finance. Offering expert analysis of market potential, risks, and competition, as well as case studies of firms and consumer behavior, China’s Fintech Explosion is a must-read for anyone interested in one of the world’s breakout sectors.
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