After an arduous overland journey, Levi Scott and his son John arrived in Oregon City in November 1844. Scott joined the Jesse Applegate's 1846 expedition seeking a better, safer way through the Cascades to the Willamette Valley. Their new southern route wound through the Umpqua Valley, three mountain ranges, and the Black Rock Desert before meeting the established California Trail. Applegate recruited emigrants and while others went ahead to prepare the road, Scott led the initial wagon train west. He details a harrowing trip. Retracing the trail in 1847 and 1849, he again faced narrow escapes and deadly encounters with Native Americans. Edited and extensively annotated, Scott's unpublished autobiography has become "Wagons to the Willamette." An exceptional contribution to Oregon Trail history, it is the only first-hand account written by someone who not only searched for the southern route but also accompanied its first wagon train.
Caravans tells the fascinating story of countless Punjabi Khatri merchants who built great business empires through their ingenuity and spirit of adventure. Operating during the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries, these merchants risked everything and travelled across Afghanistan, Central Asia, Iran and Russia. They used sophisticated techniques to convert a modest amount of merchandise into vast portfolios for trade and moneylending ventures. Caravans challenges the belief that the rising tide of European trade in the Indian Ocean usurped the overland ‘Silk Road’ trade, and demonstrates how thousands of Punjabis created a booming market in Central Asia at precisely this historical moment.
This document collection illustrates the great diversity of individuals and groups involved in the Silk Road trade and the commercial tools at their disposal. Students are guided through their analysis of the primary sources with an author-provided learning objective, central question, and historical context.
Here we present two intelligent tutoring systems for statics, the sub-discipline of engineering mechanics concerned with the analysis of mechanical systems in equilibrium under the action of forces. These systems are pen-based: one runs on Windows tablet PCs and the other on Livescribe TM smartpens with specially-designed paper worksheets. It is common for novice students to attempt to solve problems without understanding the fundamental concepts involved. For example, they may attempt to solve a new problem by adapting the solution to an example problem. This approach can lead to errors as novices often categorize problems on the basis of surface similarity rather than the structural--i.e., conceptual--similarity. Our new instructional model guides students in explicitly examining the structural elements that govern the solution. For example, before the student draws forces on a free-body diagram, the system requires the student to explicitly identify all interaction points , points at which other objects apply forces to the body. The student must then identify what kind of interaction occurs at each interaction point before representing them by force arrows. The system critiques the student's work for each of these steps and provides appropriate tutorial feedback. This instructional design has a number of benefits. It helps students to identify the structural elements that guide the solution process, which is important for problem-solving transfer. It also enables the system to accurately diagnose student errors. Because each step in the reasoning is explicitly recorded, the system can unambiguously determine the cause of an error and provide focused tutorial feedback. Also, the use of natural pen-based interfaces unburdens the student from extraneous cognitive load inherent in more traditional interfaces. We conducted two studies to evaluate these systems. The first included 43 students enrolled in Statics (ME 10) at UCR, while the second included 10 students enrolled in Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (ME 2). The results suggest that students find the systems to be useful for learning statics. However, the tablet-based system is more effective than the smartpen-based one, with the former leading to large and statistically significant learning gains in the second study
A Born Storytellers collection of Junior Fiction. This collection of short stories from the fertile imaginations of young writers will have you spellbound - engrossed in the impossible and improbable antics of characters in volatile and dynamic worlds as they struggle to save themselves, their friends and mankind from aliens, ghosts, monsters, bad love affairs - but mostly from themselves. Out of the pens of youths oft come diamonds. Read. Enjoy.
This issue of Hand Clinics will include the following articles: Management of Acute Adult Hand Burns; Management of Acute Pediatric Hand Burns; Electrical Injury; Frostbite Injury; The Biologic Principles of Scar and Contracture; Postburn Contractures of the Hand; Biology and Treatment of Upper Extremity Heterotopic Ossificatio; Postburn Contractures of the Elbow and Heterotopic Ossification; Reconstruction of the Adult and Pediatric Burned Hand; Microsurgical Reconstruction of the Burned Hand; The Use of Dermal Skin Substitutes for the Treatment of the Burned Hand; and many more exciting articles!
The Confederate cent is not your average story coin. Learn the fascinating story of why Southern leaders ordered their one-cent piece from a northern die sinker at the outbreak of America's Civil War, and why it never became the circulating cent of the Confederacy.
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