Tolstoy incorporated extensive historical research. He was also influenced by many other novels. A veteran of the Crimean War, Tolstoy was quite critical of standard history, especially the standards of military history, in War and Peace. Tolstoy read all the standard histories available in Russian and French about the Napoleonic Wars and combined more traditional historical writing with the novel form. He explains at the start of the novel's third volume his own views on how history ought to be written. His aim was to blur the line between fiction and history, in order to get closer to the truth, as he states in Volume II. The novel is set 60 years earlier than the time at which Tolstoy wrote it, "in the days of our grandfathers", as he puts it. He had spoken with people who had lived through war during the French invasion of Russia in 1812, so the book is also, in part, accurate ethnography fictionalized. He read letters, journals, autobiographical and biographical materials pertaining to Napoleon and the dozens of other historical characters in the novel. There are approximately 160 real persons named or referred to in War and Peace. Plot summary: War and Peace has a large cast of characters, the majority of whom are introduced in the first book. Some are actual historical figures, such as Napoleon and Alexander I. While the scope of the novel is vast, it is centered around five aristocratic families. The plot and the interactions of the characters take place in the era surrounding the 1812 French invasion of Russia during the Napoleonic wars. Book/Volume One The novel begins in July 1805 in Saint Petersburg, at a soiree given by Anna Pavlovna Scherer—the maid of honour and confidante to the queen mother Maria Feodorovna. Many of the main characters and aristocratic families in the novel are introduced as they enter Anna Pavlovna's salon. Pierre (Pyotr Kirilovich) Bezukhov is the illegitimate son of a wealthy count, an elderly man who is dying after a series of strokes. Pierre is about to become embroiled in a struggle for his inheritance. Educated abroad at his father's expense following his mother's death, Pierre is essentially kindhearted, but socially awkward, and owing in part to his open, finds it difficult to integrate into Petersburg society. It is known to everyone at soiree that Pierre is his father's favorite of all the old count's illegitimate children. Also attending the soireé is Pierre's friend, the intelligent and sardonic Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky, husband of Lise, the charming society favourite. Finding Petersburg society unctuous and disillusioned with married life after discovering his wife is empty and superficial, Prince Andrei makes the fateful choice to be an aide-de-camp to Prince Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov in the coming war against Napoleon. The plot moves to Moscow, Russia's ancient city and former capital, contrasting its provincial, more Russian ways to the highly mannered society of Petersburg. The Rostov family are introduced. Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov has four adolescent children. Thirteen-year-old Natasha (Natalia Ilyinichna) believes herself in love with Boris Drubetskoy, a disciplined young man who is about to join the army as an officer. Twenty-year-old Nikolai Ilyich pledges his love to Sonya (Sofia Alexandrovna), The eldest child of the Rostov family, Vera Ilyinichna, is cold and somewhat haughty but has a good prospective marriage in a Russian-German officer, Adolf Karlovich Berg. Petya (Pyotr Ilyich) is nine and the youngest of the Rostov family; like his brother, he is impetuous and eager to join the army when of age. The heads of the family, are an affectionate couple but forever worried about their disordered finances.
Anna Karenina is a novel by the Russian writer Leon Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger. Tolstoy clashed with editor Mikhail Katkov over political issues that arose in the final installment (Tolstoy's unpopular views of volunteers going to Serbia); therefore, the novel's first complete appearance was in book form. Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction, Tolstoy considered Anna Karenina his first true novel, when he came to consider War and Peace to be more than a novel. Fyodor Dostoevsky declared it to be "flawless as a work of art". His opinion was shared by Vladimir Nabokov, who especially admired "the flawless magic of Tolstoy's style", and by William Faulkner, who described the novel as "the best ever written". The novel is currently enjoying popularity, as demonstrated by a recent poll of 125 contemporary authors by J. Peder Zane, published in 2007 in "The Top Ten" in Time, which declared that Anna Karenina is the "greatest novel ever written" "..The novel opens with a scene introducing Prince Stepan Arkadyevich Oblonsky ("Stiva"), a Moscow aristocrat and civil servant who has been unfaithful to his wife Darya Alexandrovna ("Dolly"). Dolly has discovered his affair with the family's governess, and the household and family are in turmoil. Stiva's affair and his reaction to his wife's distress show an amorous personality that he cannot seem to suppress. In the midst of the turmoil, Stiva informs the household that his married sister, Anna Arkadyevna Karenina, is coming to visit from Saint Petersburg. Meanwhile, Stiva's childhood friend, Konstantin Dmitrievich Levin ("Kostya"), arrives in Moscow with the aim of proposing to Dolly's youngest sister, Princess Katerina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya ("Kitty"). Levin is a passionate, restless, but shy aristocratic landowner who, unlike his Moscow friends, chooses to live in the country on his large estate. He discovers that Kitty is also being pursued by Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky, an army officer. Whilst at the railway station to meet Anna, Stiva bumps into Vronsky who is there to meet his mother, the Countess Vronskaya. Anna and Vronskaya have traveled and talked together in the same carriage. As the family members are reunited, and Vronsky sees Anna for the first time, a railway worker accidentally falls in front of a train and is killed. Anna interprets this as an "evil omen." Vronsky, however, is infatuated with her. Anna is uneasy about leaving her young son, Sergei ("Seryozha"), alone for the first time. At the Oblonsky home, Anna talks openly and emotionally to Dolly about Stiva's affair and convinces her that Stiva still loves her despite the infidelity. Dolly is moved by Anna's speeches and decides to forgive Stiva. Kitty, who comes to visit Dolly and Anna, is just eighteen. In her first season as a debutante, she is expected to make an excellent match with a man of her social standing. Vronsky has been paying her considerable attention, and she expects to dance with him at a ball that evening. Kitty is very struck by Anna's beauty and personality and becomes infatuated with her just as Vronsky is. When Levin proposes to Kitty at her home, she clumsily turns him down, believing she is in love with Vronsky and that he will propose to her, and encouraged to do so by her mother who believes Vronsky would be a better match. At the big ball Kitty expects to hear something definitive from Vronsky, but he dances with Anna, choosing her as a partner over a shocked and heartbroken Kitty. Levin, crushed by Kitty's refusal, returns to his estate, abandoning any hope of marriage. Anna returns to her husband Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin, a senior government official, and her son Seryozha in Saint Petersburg. On seeing her husband for the first time since her encounter with Vronsky, Anna realises that she finds him unattractive, though she tells herself he is a good man..
This book, first published in 1944, provides a comprehensive overview of the work and life of the writer and philosopher Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Widely considered one of the greatest novelists of all time, this title examines some of Tolstoy’s most seminal works, including War and Peace and Anna Karenina. This book will be of interest to students of literature and philosophy.
Leon Tolstoy, along with Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Gorky, Chekhov, Gogol... is considered one of the giants of Russian literature, with masterpieces such as War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Tolstoy, besides being a great writer, was an important thinker of his time and about humanity, hence his work is timeless. A good way to start reading Tolstoy is through his short stories, as he was also a prolific and brilliant short story writer. The ebook "The Best Short Stories of Tolstoy" is a superb selection of his work as a storyteller, where readers will find eleven unforgettable tales by this brilliant writer.
A new 2023 translation into modern American English directly from the original Russian manuscript. This edition contains an Afterword by the translator, a timeline of Tolstoy's life and works, and a glossary of philosophic terminology used throughout Tolstoy's literature and philosophy. Kreutzer Sonata (Крейцерова соната) (1889) is a novella written by Leo Tolstoy, inspired by the homonymous Beethoven violin sonata. The story revolves around the protagonist, Pozdnyshev, who recounts his tragic tale of jealousy, passion, and murder to a fellow passenger during a train journey. Pozdnyshev becomes consumed by jealousy and suspicion over his wife's supposed affair with a violinist who performs the Kreutzer Sonata. Tolstoy uses this narrative to explore the complexities of human relationships, societal conventions, and the destructive power of unchecked emotions, particularly jealousy and possessiveness. The novella's philosophical merit lies in Tolstoy's critique of marriage, his examination of the role of societal norms in shaping our understanding of love, and his exploration of the darker aspects of the human psyche.
WHAT thoughtful man has not been perplexed by problems relating to art? An estimable and charming Russian lady I knew, felt the charm of the music and ritual of the services of the Russo-Greek Church so strongly that she wished the peasants, in whom she was interested, to retain their blind faith, though she herself disbelieved the church doctrines. "Their lives are so poor and bare-they have so little art, so little poetry and colour in their lives- Let them at least enjoy what they have; it would be cruel to undeceive them," said she. A false and antiquated view of life is supported by means of art, and is inseparably linked to some Manifestations of art which we enjoy and prize. If the false view of life be destroyed this art will cease to appear valuable. Is it best to screen the error for the sake of preserving the art? Or should the art be sacrificed for the sake of truthfulness? Again and again in history a dominant church has utilised art to maintain its sway over men. Reformers (early Christians, Mohammedans, Puritans, and others) have perceived that art bound people to the old faith, and they were angry with art. These works, in chronological order,are " My Confession ". A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology,which has never been translated. The Four Gospels Harmonised and Translated, of which only two parts, out of three, have as yet appeared in English. What I Believe, sometimes called My Religion. The Gospelin Brief. What are we to do then? sometimes called in English What to do? On Life, which is not an easy work in the original, and has not been satisfactorily translated. The Kingdom of God is within you; and The Christian Teaching, which appeared after What is Art? though it was written before it. To these scientific works I am inclined to add The Kteutzer Sonata, with the Sequel or Postscript explaining its purpose; for though The Kreutzer Sonata is a story, the understanding of sexual problems, dealt with explicitly in the Sequel, is an integral part of that comprehension of life which causes Tolstoy to admire Christ, Buddha, or Francis of Assisi.
Après ses deux grands romans, "Guerre et Paix" d'une part, oeuvre mythique et incontournable de la littérature russe et "Anna Karénine" d'autre part, le roman qui l'a rendu célèbre, "RESURRECTION" se veut être son dernier grand roman mais malheureusement, l'un des moins connu: un vrai chef d'oeuvre philosophique qui contient tout. Supérieur à "Anna Karénine", il n'a rien à envier à " Guerre et Paix" dont il est profondément différent. Ce roman, en effet, mène une profonde réflexion sur la justice, le sens de la vie mais sans aborder la religion. Tolstoï s'y interroge sur les fondements de nos sociétés, leur fonctionnement, leur justice. Il remet tout à plat, et il fonde tout son raisonnement sur l'enseignement du Nouveau Testament. C'est en cela que la morale jaillit, mais celle ci renforce ce roman. C'est certainement le roman de Tolstoï le plus facile à lire contrairement à "Anna Karénine ou Guerre et Paix". L'histoire suit un seul personnage et sa quête pour rétablir une erreur de son passé. C'est un roman de rédemption et sur les conséquences que peuvent avoir nos gestes, nos actions conscientes ou inconscientes. Avec un style impeccable et des descriptions précises et justes, "RESURRECTION" est un grand roman jugé à l'époque comme le plus faibles des romans de Tolstoï mais de plus en plus réhabilité. Et pour cause! C'est une histoire beaucoup plus puissante qu'il n'y parait au premier abord. L'écriture est tout simplement parfaite. Résumé : Nekhlioudov est un aristocrate russe du dix-neuvième siècle. Trentenaire, il a mené jusqu'à présent une vie de jeune homme libre et décidé à jouir de la vie, mais, se retournant sur son passé, il y voit une existence de débauché qu'il regrette amèrement. Jeune militaire respecté, le prince Dimitri Ivanovitch Nekhlioudov retourne goûter à la vie civile quelque temps dans une riche ville de province près de Nijni Novgorod. Il mène une vie agréable entre les réceptions mondaines, ses nombreux amis, un mariage arrangé avec une fille de famille noble et l'esprit serein dans l'attente d'un brillant avenir dans l'armée. Duran
Anna hierve de amor, pero no por su marido. Su realidad cambió de la noche a la mañana cuando, por un pedido de su hermano, debió viajar a la ciudad de Moscú, donde conoció al conde Vronsky, futuro padre de la vida que crece en su vientre. La joven deberá pelear por conseguir el divorcio de parte de Karenin y, también, para recuperar su lugar en una sociedad hipócrita que no duda en sancionar sus decisiones personales. Por medio del vacío con el que la aristocracia rusa intenta amedrentar a Anna, León Tolstói expone una sesuda crítica social. Si bien «Anna Karenina» (1877) comenzó siendo un folletín de la revista «El mensajero ruso», fue mucho más que un romance de alta sociedad: tanto para Fiódor Dostoyevski como para Vladímir Nabókov, la novela de Tolstói constituye una auténtica obra de arte. León Tolstói (1828-1910) fue uno de los escritores más importantes de todos los tiempos. Autor de obras del realismo ruso como «La guerra y la paz» y «Anna Karenina», fue nominado al Premio Nobel en varias oportunidades. Proveniente de una familia aristocrática, a través de sus novelas, cuentos, obras de teatro y ensayos filosóficos buscó reflejar de manera fiel la sociedad en la que nació y creció. En su madurez se alejó de los lujos a los que estaba acostumbrado y se mezcló con gente humilde, a quienes les dedicó los últimos años de su vida. Su filosofía influyó en el desarrollo de la doctrina anarquista.
This book, first published in 1944, provides a comprehensive overview of the work and life of the writer and philosopher Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Widely considered one of the greatest novelists of all time, this title examines some of Tolstoy’s most seminal works, including War and Peace and Anna Karenina. This book will be of interest to students of literature and philosophy.
Comprehensive and accessible, Political Ideologies follows the evolution of political thought over 300 years. Organized chronologically, this text examines each major ideology within a political, historical, economic, and social context. Leon Baradat's skillful prose is joined by John Phillips’ skillful updating to ensure that students obtain a clear understanding of how ideas influence the political realities of our time. The twelfth edition of this beloved text emphasizes new developments in ideologically charged arenas including the Middle East and Islam, gay marriage, feminism, climate change, and more. New to the 12th edition In addition to a thorough updating of examples, detail, and data, the following items are either wholly new or considerably expanded in this edition: The mixed legacy of the Obama administration on civil liberties, foreign policy, health care, immigration, and especially the environment, and the mounting jeopardy to the global environment posed by record-breaking global warming and pollution. The recently developed variegations in conservatism: The Tea Party movement, the expanding political importance of religious extremists, and the growing incivility of its extremists. The Great Recession, its causes and its political fallout. The US tax system’s mal-distribution of wealth and its implications for the middle class and American democracy. The reemergence of authoritarianism in the Developing World and Russia. China’s continuing economic miracle while maintaining a firm grip on the political system, if through official corruption, but also suffering serious social, environmental, and health problems. The transfer of power from Fidel to Raoul Castro, and the rapprochement of the US and Cuba. Right-wing extremism mounting in Europe, Asia, and the United States. The growing salience of Islamism, the Iran nuclear deal, and the transformation of the Arab Spring to the Islamist Winter. Terrorism’s increasing acceptance in certain quarters, especially the spread of ISIS in the Middle-East and its mounting threat to the globe via sleeper cells and lone-wolf attacks. The spreading strength of feminism in the Developing World, and a renewed focus on the gender wage gap and same-sex marriage in the West.
Leon Tolstói, juntamente com Dostoievsky, Pushkin, Gorky, Tchekhov, Gogol... é considerado um dos gigantes da literatura russa, com obras-primas como Guerra e Paz e Ana Karenina. Tolstoi, além de ser um grande escritor, foi um importante pensador sobre o seu tempo e sobre o homem, por isso, sua obra é atemporal. Uma boa forma de começar a leitura de Tolstói é por meio de seus contos, já que ele foi, também, um grande contista, literária e quantitativamente. O ebook: Os Melhores Contos de Tolstói é uma seleção primorosa de seu trabalho como contista, na qual o leitor encontrará onze contos inesquecíveis deste genial escritor.
This rare book contains a collection of essays by the influential Russian philosopher Lev Isaakovich Shestov. One of the most delicate and individual of modern Russian critics, Shestov was a radical empiricist and proto-existentialist thinker who integrated literary theory and philosophical thought in a masterful way that inspired such minds as Camus, Dostoyevsky, Deleuze, D.H. Lawrence, and Bataille. Included in this collection are the essays: Anton Tchehov, The Gift of Prophecy, Penultimate Words, and The Theory of Knowledge. Written aphoristically, the works contained herein are interesting and insightful, and constitute a must-read for all students of philosophy unfamiliar with the fascinating ideas of Shestov. Lev Isaakovich Shestov was a Russian existentialist philosopher. This rare book was originally published in 1916 and is proudly republished here with a new introductory biography of the author.
La historia de la gigantesca nación rusa está colmada de sucesos impactantes. Una de esas etapas es el periodo final de la decadencia de los zares, cuando las diferencias sociales que determinan la riqueza exagerada y la pobreza rampante, eran supremamente evidentes en la vida de los rusos. En la novela titulada Guerra y Paz, que ha sido considerada por especialistas literarios como una joya de la escritura universal, el célebre escritor León Tolstoi relata que mientras la aristocracia de Moscú y San Petersburgo vivía en medio de una opulencia desmedida, pero desde luego ajena a todo lo que acontecía en el exterior de su burbuja de cristal que los alejaba de la realidad, Napoleón había triunfado en Austerlitz y preparaba sus tropas para invadir a Rusia. El trasiego de la obra deja al lector impactado al descubrir realidades que solo un escritor como Tolstoi podría desentrañar de esta compleja época de guerras, intrigas y ambiciones geopolíticas de dominación mundial.
En la obra de león Tolstoi “El origen del mal” podemos encontrar un conjunto de personajes los cuales a partir de sus pensamientos, experiencias y hasta preferencias tratan de darle una respuesta o explicación a un interrogante, ¿Cuál es el origen del mal? , todos exponen diversas teorías y hasta se contra oponen, pero al final la participación de otro personaje da solución a la pregunta de una manera muy sabia, reuniendo los puntos de vista de todos en uno solo. El texto El origen del mal, está compuesto por un título y diez párrafos a un así el autor usa varias figuras literarias, la composición de esta obra alrededor de todo su contenido y formación es una obra o una composición de tipo narrativa (cuento) gracias a la manera como está compuesta, los medios y recursos usados en ella
This fascinating intellectual history is the first critical study of the work of Elie Metchnikoff, the founding father of modern immunology. Metchnikoff authored and championed the theory that phagocytic cells actively defend the host body against pathogens and diseased cells. His program developed from comparative embryological studies that sought to establish genealogical relations between species at the dawn of the Darwinian revolution. In this scientific biography, Tauber and Chernyak explore ore Metchnikoff's development as an embryologist, showing how it prepared him to propose his theory of host-pathogen interaction. They discuss the profound impact of Darwin's theory of evolution on Metchnikoff's progress, and the influence of 19th century debates on vitalism, teleology, and mechanism. As a case study of scientific discovery, this work offers lucid insight into the process of creative science and its dependence on cultural and philosophic sources. Immunologists and historians of science and medicine will find it an absorbing and accessible account of a remarkable individual.
Una nueva traducción de 2023 directamente del manuscrito original ruso. Esta edición contiene un epílogo del traductor, una cronología de la vida y la obra de Tolstói y un glosario de terminología filosófica utilizada en la literatura y la filosofía de Tolstói. Cuentos de Sebastopol (Севастопольские рассказы) (1855-1856) de León Tolstói es una colección de tres relatos cortos inspirados en las experiencias de Tolstói como oficial en la guerra de Crimea. Los relatos - "Sebastopol en diciembre", "Sebastopol en mayo" y "Sebastopol en agosto"- ofrecen una descripción conmovedora y realista de los horrores y el heroísmo de la guerra. A través de los ojos de varios soldados y civiles, Tolstói capta el caos, la tragedia y los dilemas morales que surgen en tiempos de conflicto. El mérito literario de la colección reside en su retrato crudo y sin filtros de la guerra, con la elocuente prosa de Tolstói que transmite el impacto emocional y psicológico de la batalla en los individuos y la sociedad. Algunos estudiosos han sugerido que estos relatos influyeron en el desarrollo de muchos de los episodios más memorables e importantes de su posterior novela Guerra y paz. Los Bocetos de Sebastopol es una obra importante y muy valorada de la literatura rusa, un valioso registro histórico y un poderoso relato de los efectos de la guerra en el espíritu humano. Es una lectura esencial para cualquiera que esté interesado en la historia de la guerra y en la vida de los soldados rusos durante la guerra de Crimea. Estos relatos marcan también la temprana incursión de Tolstói en reflexiones filosóficas sobre la naturaleza del valor, el sacrificio y el sentido de la vida frente a la muerte.
“Fascinating . . . full of insight and a perceptive portrait of Lenin’s single-mindedness and his relentless, all-consuming drive towards revolution in Russia.” —The Guardian Combining Young Lenin and On Lenin in one volume, this is a fascinating political biography by Lenin’s fellow revolutionary, Leon Trotsky. Trotsky on Lenin brings together two long-out-of-print works in a single volume for the first time, providing an intimate and illuminating portrait of the Bolshevik leader by another of the twentieth century’s greatest revolutionaries. Written shortly after its subject’s death, On Lenin covers the period of revolutionary struggle leading up to 1917 as well as the early years of Bolshevik power. We see a man totally committed to the revolutionary cause, whose legacy was later corrupted under the Soviet Union’s Stalinist degeneration. Young Lenin, meanwhile, describes his early years and conversion to Marxism, dispelling many of the myths later created by Soviet hagiography in the process. This is the essential guide for anyone wanting to understand Lenin as a thinker, active revolutionary, and personality.
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