The magnitude of placebo analgesia effects has been shown to vary across meta-analyses. The conceptualization of placebo effects, and the way in which they are induced, influence the magnitude of placebo analgesia effects. This has been indicated by meta-analyses and further confirmed by experimental studies. In general, small placebo analgesia effects are found in clinical trials in which placebo is used as a control condition, whereas large effects are found in placebo mechanism studies investigating how expectations and emotional feelings contribute to placebo analgesia effects. At present, meta-analyses are used to investigate the seemingly increasing analgesic effects following placebo administration in clinical trials. Current knowledge about placebo mechanisms could contribute to the investigation of these analgesic effects and thereby help to develop new ways of testing pain medication, which ultimately may be of benefit for pain patients.
Persistent pain conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are often accompanied by primary and widespread secondary hyperalgesia, as evidenced by higher pain ratings in response to induced heat stimuli. These forms of hyperalgesia are not static but are dynamically maintained by impulse input from colorectal tissues as well as descending inhibition and facilitation. Two phenomena that closely relate to descending control are nocebo and placebo effects. The latter occur in relation to treatments and are partly mediated by desire for relief, expected pain intensity, and reduced negative emotions. These factors can predict clinical outcomes and could be very useful in managing placebo responses in clinical trials. Evidence also exists that tonic peripheral input and descending inhibition/facilitation interact synergistically such that removing either component alone has potent anti-hyperalgesic effects in the case of IBS. This principle may apply to other persistent pain conditions, including neuropathic pain.
The magnitude of placebo analgesia effects has been shown to vary across meta-analyses. The conceptualization of placebo effects, and the way in which they are induced, influence the magnitude of placebo analgesia effects. This has been indicated by meta-analyses and further confirmed by experimental studies. In general, small placebo analgesia effects are found in clinical trials in which placebo is used as a control condition, whereas large effects are found in placebo mechanism studies investigating how expectations and emotional feelings contribute to placebo analgesia effects. At present, meta-analyses are used to investigate the seemingly increasing analgesic effects following placebo administration in clinical trials. Current knowledge about placebo mechanisms could contribute to the investigation of these analgesic effects and thereby help to develop new ways of testing pain medication, which ultimately may be of benefit for pain patients.
Persistent pain conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are often accompanied by primary and widespread secondary hyperalgesia, as evidenced by higher pain ratings in response to induced heat stimuli. These forms of hyperalgesia are not static but are dynamically maintained by impulse input from colorectal tissues as well as descending inhibition and facilitation. Two phenomena that closely relate to descending control are nocebo and placebo effects. The latter occur in relation to treatments and are partly mediated by desire for relief, expected pain intensity, and reduced negative emotions. These factors can predict clinical outcomes and could be very useful in managing placebo responses in clinical trials. Evidence also exists that tonic peripheral input and descending inhibition/facilitation interact synergistically such that removing either component alone has potent anti-hyperalgesic effects in the case of IBS. This principle may apply to other persistent pain conditions, including neuropathic pain.
Walter Pater and the Language of Sculpture is the first monograph to discuss the Victorian critic Walter Pater's attitude to sculpture. It brings together Pater's aesthetic theories with his theories on language and writing, to demonstrate how his ideas of the visual and written language are closely interlinked. Going beyond Pater's views on sculpture as an art form, this study traces the notion of relief (rilievo) and hybrid form in Pater, and his view of the writer as sculptor, a carver in language. Alongside her treatment of rilievo as a pervasive trope, Lene ?termark-Johansen also employs the idea of rivalry (paragone) more broadly, examining Pater's concern with positioning himself as an art critic in the late Victorian art world. Situating Pater within centuries of European aesthetic theories as never before done, Walter Pater and the Language of Sculpture throws new light on the extraordinary complexity and coherence of Pater's writing: The critic is repositioned solidly within Victorian art and literature.
A Survival Kit for Doctoral Students and Their Supervisors offers a hands-on guide to both students and supervisors on the doctoral journey, helping make the process as enjoyable as it is productive. Drawing on research from peer learning groups, contributed narratives, and their own programs, authors Lene Tanggaard and Charlotte Wegener emphasize the value of the doctoral partnership and the ways in which shared knowledge can facilitate a rewarding journey for students and their advisors. Grounded in theoretical and empirical material, the book helps participants navigate the doctoral process with personal stories and examples from a variety of researchers. A discussion of common challenges and the inclusion of practical tips further enhance the book’s diverse range of helpful resources.
Nina Borg, a Red Cross nurse, wife, and mother of two, is a compulsive do-gooder who can't say no when someone asks for help—even when she knows better. When her estranged friend Karin leaves her a key to a public locker in the Copenhagen train station, Nina gets suckered into her most dangerous project yet. Inside the locker is a suitcase, and inside the suitcase is a three-year-old boy: naked and drugged, but alive. Is the boy a victim of child trafficking? Can he be turned over to authorities, or will they only return him to whoever sold him? When Karin is discovered brutally murdered, Nina realizes that her life and the boy's are in jeopardy, too. In an increasingly desperate trek across Denmark, Nina tries to figure out who the boy is, where he belongs, and who exactly is trying to hunt him down.
This important volume collects essays on topics in Greek history and epigraphy by an international cast of highly respected historians and epigraphers. Contributions include new and authoritative papers on Athenian politics and political institutions, the language and significance of honorific decrees, the role of inscriptions in the Athenian democratic state and elsewhere, as well as analyses of the methods for interpreting them. Together this collection represents an appropriate celebration of the work of the distinguished historian Professor Peter Rhodes.
This report presents results from the NovasArc project that has collated data on the distribution of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. Eleven VMEs were identified, based on management goals for coral and sponge communities. Many of the vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) in the study area has a wide distribution. Soft and hard bottom sponge aggregations, hard bottom gorgonians, sublittoral sea pen communities, and cauliflower corals are predicted to cover > 20% of the study area shallower than 1000 meters. Of the anthropogenic activities in the study area bottom trawling represents the main threat to the VMEs. The compilation of trawling activity in the study area shows that fisheries mainly occurs shallower than 1000 meters and that 50 to 60% of the seafloor is not targeted. However, 30% of the seafloor has experienced intermediate to very high fishing effort. In general, the VMEs shows a larger overlap with fishing when the risk analysis is based on areas with an optimal habitat suitability. Using this conservative threshold to model the distribution of VMEs the results indicate that most VMEs have experienced an intermediate to high level of fishing in less than 40% of their distribution area in the whole study area.
This monograph presents a view on grammaticalisation radically different from standard views centering around the cline of grammaticality. Grammar is seen as a complex sign system, and, as a consequence, grammatical change always comprises semantic change. What unites morphology, topology (word order), constructional syntax and other grammatical subsystems is their paradigmatic organisation. The traditional concept of an inflexional paradigm is generalised as the structuring principle of grammar. Grammatical change involves paradigmatic restructuring, and in the process of grammatical change morphological, topological and constructional paradigms often connect to form complex paradigms. The book introduces the concept of connecting grammaticalisation to describe the formation, restructuring and dismantling of such complex paradigms. Drawing primarily on data from Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages, the book offers both a broad general discussion of theoretical issues (part one) and three case studies (part two).
The aim of the investigation is to throw light on the adoption institution. Much attention has been devoted to the contractual nature of the adoption which was carried out inter vivos as opposed to the unilateral nature of a testamentary adoption. In the present work it is argued that the main difference between the different types of adoption was one of procedure: adoption took place in public, in the adopter's phratry and deme, no matter whether prior to the death of the adopter or posthumously. It is also argued that it was the formal recognition of the adoptee by the adopter's phtatry and deme which constituted the adoption itself and its validity, legal as well as social. Further, the tomb cult, aspects of Athenian family-life and the Athenian legislation, which regulated it, are treated to the extent to which they have a direct influence on the Athenian institution of adoption.
The first step into the thrilling middlegrade fantasy world of The Shamer Chronicles Dina has unwillingly inherited her mother's gift: the ability to elicit shamed confessions simply by looking into someone's eyes. To Dina, however, these powers are not a gift but a curse. Surrounded by fear and hostility, she longs for simple friendship. But when her mother is called to Dunark Castle to uncover the truth about a bloody triple murder, Dina must come to terms with her power - or let her mother fall prey to the vicious and revolting dragons of Dunark.
Walter Pater's European Imagination addresses Pater's literary cosmopolitanism as the first in-depth study of his fiction in dialogue with European literature. Pater's short pieces of fiction, the so-called 'imaginary portraits', trace the development of the European self over a period of some two thousand years. They include elements of travelogue and art criticism, together with discourses on myth, history, and philosophy. Examining Pater's methods of composition, use of narrative voice, and construction of character, the book draws on all of Pater's oeuvre and includes discussions of a range of his unpublished manuscripts, essays, and reviews. It engages with Pater's dialogue with the visual portrait and problematises the oscillation between type and individual, the generic and the particular, which characterises both the visual and the literary portrait. Exploring Pater's involvement with nineteenth-century historiography and collective memory, the book positions Pater's fiction solidly within such nineteenth-century genres as the historical novel and the Bildungsroman, while also discussing the portraits as specimens of biographical writing. As the 'Ur-texts' from which generations of modernist life-writing developed, Pater's 'imaginary portraits' became pivotal for such modernist writers as Virginia Woolf and Harold Nicolson. Walter Pater's European Imagination explores such twentieth-century successors, together with French contemporaries like Sainte-Beuve and followers like Marcel Schwob.
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