Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
This consultation paper considers options for reform of the current law in relation to the property and financial rights of cohabiting couples (either opposite-sex or same-sex couples) when a relationship ends. Although the paper does discuss the situation in relation to when one of the partners dies, it focuses on whether a new scheme is needed to provide financial remedies on separation when a relationship breaks down. Amongst the provisional proposals, the Committee identifies the need for the introduction of new statutory remedies to address the separation of cohabiting couples who have children; however the situation for cohabitants without children is found to raise more difficult social policy questions and the views of consultees are sought about their eligibility within the proposed scheme. Other proposals include: that courts should be given discretion in determining financial claims on separation (rather than having fixed rules for property division) based on principles of the contributions of both parties to the joint household and to the welfare of dependent children both before and after separation; with the provision for an opt-out agreement for couples under the proposed statutory scheme. Responses to the proposals should be received by 30th September 2006 and a final report is due to be published by August 2007. An overview document summarising the key issues considered is available separately (ISBN 011730266X).
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