Fossil-fuel depletion and attempts at global-warming mitigation have motivated the development of biofuels. Several feedstock and transformation pathways into biofuel have been proposed as an alternative to the usual fuels. Recently, microalgae have attracted a good deal of attention because of the promise of reduced competition with food crops and lowered environmental impacts. Over the last years, several life-cycle assessments (LCAs) have been realized to evaluate the energy benefit and potential global-warming reduction of biofuel and bioenergy produced from microalgae. This chapter presents a bibliographic review of 15 LCAs of microalgae production and/or transformation into biofuel. These studies often differ by the perimeter of the study, the functional unit, and the production technologies or characteristics. Methods for environmental impact assessment and the energy balance computation also diverge. This review aims to identify the main options and variations among LCAs and concludes with some recommendations and guidelines to improve the contribution of an LCA and to facilitate comparisons among studies.
Fossil-fuel depletion and attempts at global-warming mitigation have motivated the development of biofuels. Several feedstock and transformation pathways into biofuel have been proposed as an alternative to the usual fuels. Recently, microalgae have attracted a good deal of attention because of the promise of reduced competition with food crops and lowered environmental impacts. Over the last years, several life-cycle assessments (LCAs) have been realized to evaluate the energy benefit and potential global-warming reduction of biofuel and bioenergy produced from microalgae. This chapter presents a bibliographic review of 15 LCAs of microalgae production and/or transformation into biofuel. These studies often differ by the perimeter of the study, the functional unit, and the production technologies or characteristics. Methods for environmental impact assessment and the energy balance computation also diverge. This review aims to identify the main options and variations among LCAs and concludes with some recommendations and guidelines to improve the contribution of an LCA and to facilitate comparisons among studies.
Discover how to create over 80 delicious classics of French gastronomy. In The Essentials of French Cooking, best-selling author Laurent Mariotte shares a collection of French classic recipes. Learn how to whip up starters such Cheese Soufflé and Onion Soup, mains such as Moules Marinières and Beef Stew, and desserts such as Clafoutis, Lemon Tart and Chocolate Mousse. With step-by-step methods, the recipes help aid home cooks of all skill levels to produce delicious dishes. Even though the recipes are broken into achievable steps, they are specific enough so that they can be used as a jumping point to make these classics your own. From understanding the importance of high-quality ingredients, to learning basic techniques, you will be guided through the fundamentals of French cooking. Plus, there are menus that offer inspiration for different occasions. Full of tips and anecdotes, The Essentials of French Cooking is the perfect companion for any home cook.
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