Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease where both environmental and genetic risk factors play a role. More than 50 genetic polymorphisms have been identified in association with MS mostly by mapping close to genes involved in immunoregulation. Several environmental factors have been associated with risk for developing MS, including smoking, obesity, EBV infections, and lack of sun exposure. Interactions between major genetic risk factors and environmental exposures have been observed making it possible to begin to form groups of risk factors that are jointly involved in MS pathogenesis.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with poorly understood etiology. Over the years, many genetic risk factors and some environmental risk factors were discovered to be important for RA. Genetic variants from the HLA-DRB1 locus, the shared epitope alleles, in different populations show a relatively strong and consistent effect on risk of RA. Non-HLA genetic risk factors have only a moderate effect. Gene–gene and gene–environment interactions were suspected to be important with regard to the risk of RA. Indeed, some combinations were demonstrated to be extremely influential. An important feature of RA is the development of autoantibodies, e.g., RF and ACPA, that serve as biomarkers and are used in diagnosing the disease. Interestingly, most of the genetic predisposition for RA observed so far concerns risk of developing the autoantibody positive subset of the disease, that is, the form where antibodies are present. In this chapter, we will review the current knowledge on genetics in RA and introduce multiple examples of interaction.
This book adopts a global approach to analysing Danish nationhood in the current context of a Europe paralysed by crises. Focusing on the global strands which have produced understandings of national selfhood as a consequence of a series of historical and contemporary global encounters, it calls for the production of narratives which better capture how European nations, including Denmark, are shaped by narratives that cannot be understood in (national) isolation, but are contingent on ideas about the nation’s globality. In historical terms, this entails examining how colonialism shaped national self-perceptions; in a contemporary context, it requires looking at colonialism’s unfinished business. The first chapters revisits colonialism throughout the Danish empire. In the second section, the book revisits Danish (post-1945) attempts to restage global interventions and military intervention since 2000, and considers how migration since 1965 has led to a profound questioning of relationships with the non-European world – and increasingly with Europe itself. Postcolonial Denmark situates Denmark at the centre of a number of current and ever more urgent challenges facing Europe. As such, it will appeal to scholars of sociology, political science and cultural studies with interests in Europe, the Nordic region through a postcolonial, a whiteness and a decolonial inspired approach.
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women - as other international instruments - was negotiated in an international and multicultural context by diplomats and politicians from a number of countries. It dealt with a highly sensitive issue, the position and role of women in society and in the political decision-making process. The vast number of extensive reservations to the Convention bear witness to the fact that this is possibly one of the most contentious topics at the international level. Few other core universal human rights conventions have attracted a comparable number of reservations. This unique Guide is an attempt to create a picture of the legal--political background to the Convention. Its basic layout follows the style of a classical commentary with annotations to the individual provisions. These annotations draw on documentary sources from the years of preparatory discussions and negotiations (the travaux préparatoires). It primarily covers the genesis of the Convention, i.e. the drafting and negotiating process up to its adoption in 1979. To enhance the Guide's usefulness, a number of more recent documents have been incorporated, for example, the General Recommendations issued by the Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women have been reproduced and references to relevant recommendations have been inserted in the annotations to each provision in question. In addition to this, a number of other documents relative to the interpretation of the Convention have been reproduced in Part III, including lists of ratifications of and reservations to the Convention. Furthermore, lists of relevant global and regional instruments and case law have been compiled.
Tumba, Sweden. A triple homicide, all of the victims from the same family, captivates Detective Inspector Joona Linna, who demands to investigate the grisly murders -- against the wishes of the national police. The killer is at large, and it appears that the elder sister of the family escaped the carnage; it seems only a matter of time until she, too, is murdered. But where can Linna begin? The only surviving witness is an intended victim -- the boy whose mother, father, and little sister were killed before his eyes. Whoever committed the crimes intended for this boy to die: he has suffered more than one hundred knife wounds and Lapsed into a state of shock. He's in no condition to be questioned. Desperate for information, Linna sees one mode of recourse: hypnotism. He enlists Dr. Erik Maria Bark to mesmerize the boy, hoping to discover the killer through his eyes. It's the sort of work that Bark had sworn he would never do again-ethically dubious and psychically scarring. When he breaks his promise and hypnotizes the victim, a Long and terrifying chain of events begins to unfurl.
This textbook offers a fully integrated approach to the theory and practice of service management, exploring the operational dynamics, management issues and business models deployed by service firms. It builds on recent developments in service science as an interdisciplinary research area with emphasis on integration, adaptability, optimization, sustainability and rapid technological adoption. The book explores seven fundamental processes that are key to successfully managing service businesses, helping students gain insights into: how to manage service businesses, with coverage of both small firms and large transnationals service business models, operations and productivity managing service employees how service firms engage in product and process innovation marketing, customers and service experiences internationalization of service businesses the ongoing servitization of manufacturing This unique textbook is an ideal resource for upper undergraduate and postgraduate students studying service businesses and practitioners.
The articles in the 2019 Nordic Economic Policy Review analyse how the Nordic countries best can contribute to international climate policy. The articles cover topics such as: How can the Nordics help raise the ambitions in the Paris Agreement? What is the effect of national policy on emissions regulated by the EU Emissions Trading System? Would it be cost-effective for the Nordic countries to pay for emission reductions elsewhere to a larger extent? What role should be played by subsidies to green technology? Should Norway put more emphasis on supply-side policies, that is, on limiting future extraction of oil and gas? The volume contains five papers with associated comments which were originally presented at a conference in Stockholm on 24 October 2018.
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