Microbial granules have practical importance in anaerobic and aerobic biological wastewater treatment. Advantages of granules are retention of biomass in reactor, diversity of microorganisms, complex structure, and resistance to unfavorable conditions. Microbial granules can be used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater for removal of organic matter, xenobiotics, nutrients, and heavy metals. The book covers almost all aspects of formation and use of microbial granules in wastewater treatment. The data on aerobic microbial granulation are related mostly to laboratory systems due to few pilot systems in the world using aerobic microbial granules. However, by the analogy with anaerobic granulation, which is now used worldwide, it is possible to predict wide applications of aerobic granulation. This book will help researchers and engineers develop these new biotechnologies of wastewater treatment based on aerobic granulation. Covers all aspects of formation, organization, and use of microbial granules in wastewater treatment Integrates engineering, microbiology, and biotechnology of microbial granules Comprises of deep fundamental data as well as practical information for applications of microbial granules in wastewater treatment
In combating global warming and other environmental issues over the use of fossil fuels, extensive research has been focusing on developing hydrogen production from biological processes. Biohydrogen is considered a promising future biofuel because of its intrinsic clean and high-energy content properties and the way it is produced. In addition to being produced through environmentally friendly biological means, its conversion to energy yields only pure water, which is an ideal energy carrier in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Unlike other well-developed biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel, biohydrogen production is still in the early stage of development. A variety of technologies are being developed for biohydrogen production. This chapter presents a review of the state-of-the-art and perspectives of bioprocess design for biohydrogen production research in the context of pathways, microorganisms, metabolic flux analysis, process design, and reactor system. Challenges and prospects of biohydrogen production are also outlined.
Hydrogen is a promising future fuel because of its clean and high-energy content properties. It is an ideal energy carrier to reduce greenhouse gas emissions because its conversion to energy yields only pure water. A challenging issue in establishing hydrogen as a source of energy for the future is the way it is produced. Biohydrogen produced from biological processes has the potential for renewable biofuel to replace current unsustainable hydrogen production technologies, which rely on nonrenewable fossil fuels through thermochemical processes. One of the promising biohydrogen production approaches is conversion from microalgae, which is abundant, clean, and renewable. Unlike other well-developed biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel, algal hydrogen production is still in the early stage of development. This review examines the perspectives and state-of-the-art of algal hydrogen research in the context of pathways of hydrogen production, bioreactor design and operation, and economic evaluation. Prospects and challenges in algal hydrogen production are also outlined.
Converting sludge into construction materials is deemed to be a sustainable approach to alleviating sludge disposal problems and conserving natural resources.This compendium presents the state-of-the-art development in recycling sludge into construction materials. A research-based development of engineering products made from sludge for common construction applications such as bricks, aggregates and cement-replacement materials is outlined. In-depth discussions on the properties of the products and their processing technology, the technical suitability for construction applications, and experimental study and assessment of toxic or hazardous chemicals leached from the products are prominently highlighted. Challenges and prospect of sludge recycling are also included.Contributed by eminent authors who are recognized authority in the field of sludge treatment and reuse, the unique monograph is a useful reference guide for professionals, researchers, academics and graduate students majoring in waste management, environmental engineering, civil engineering and materials engineering.
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