Kristin Shrader-Frechette's Books

Ethics of Scientific Research

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Challenging long-held theories of scientific rationality and remoteness, Kristin Shrader-Frechette argues that research cannot be 'value free.' Rather, any research will raise important moral issues for those involved, issues not only of truthfulness but of risk to research subjects, third parties, and the general public.

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255

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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers

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ISBN 10

0585165297

ISBN 13

9780585165295

Tainted

How Philosophy of Science Can Expose Bad Science

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Tainted

How Philosophy of Science Can Expose Bad Science

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

Three-fourths of scientific research in the United States is funded by special interests. Many of these groups have specific practical goals, such as developing pharmaceuticals or establishing that a pollutant causes only minimal harm. For groups with financial conflicts of interest, their scientific findings often can be deeply flawed. To uncover and assess these scientific flaws, award-winning biologist and philosopher of science Kristin Shrader-Frechette uses the analytical tools of classic philosophy of science. She identifies and evaluates the concepts, data, inferences, methods, models, and conclusions of science tainted by the influence of special interests. As a result, she challenges accepted scientific findings regarding risks such as chemical toxins and carcinogens, ionizing radiation, pesticides, hazardous-waste disposal, development of environmentally sensitive lands, threats to endangered species, and less-protective standards for workplace-pollution exposure. In so doing, she dissects the science on which many contemporary scientific controversies turn. Demonstrating and advocating "liberation science," she shows how practical, logical, methodological, and ethical evaluations of science can both improve its quality and credibility -- and protect people from harm caused by flawed science, such as underestimates of cancers caused by bovine growth hormones, cell phones, fracking, or high-voltage wires. This book is both an in-depth look at the unreliable scientific findings at the root of contemporary debates in biochemistry, ecology, economics, hydrogeology, physics, and zoology -- and a call to action for scientists, philosophers of science, and all citizens.

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313

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Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0199396426

ISBN 13

9780199396429

Policy for Land

Law and Ethics

By: Lynton Keith Caldwell,Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette

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Policy for Land

Law and Ethics

By: Lynton Keith Caldwell,Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette

In this book, two leading scholars, a political scientist and an ethical philosopher, outline a new national policy for land use, and provide the legal, political, and ethical justifications for their proposed policies.

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356

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Rowman & Littlefield

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ISBN 10

0847677796

ISBN 13

9780847677795

Environmental Justice

Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Environmental Justice

Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

Shrader-Frechette offers a rigorous philosophical discussion of environmental justice. Explaining fundamental ethical concepts such as equality, property rights, procedural justice, free informed consent, intergenerational equity, and just compensation--and then bringing them to bear on real-world social issues--she shows how many of these core concepts have been compromised for a large segment of the global population, among them Appalachians, African-Americans, workers in hazardous jobs, and indigenous people in developing nations. She argues that burdens like pollution and resource depletion need to be apportioned more equally, and that there are compelling ethical grounds for remedying our environmental problems. She also argues that those affected by environmental problems must be included in the process of remedying those problems; that all citizens have a duty to engage in activism on behalf of Environmental Justice; and that in a democracy it is the people, not the government, that are ultimately responsible for fair use of the environment.

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284

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Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0198034709

ISBN 13

9780198034704

What Will Work

Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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What Will Work

Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

What Will Work makes a rigorous and compelling case that energy efficiencies and renewable energy-and not nuclear fission or "clean coal"-are the most effective, cheapest, and equitable solutions to the pressing problem of climate change. Kristin Shrader-Frechette, a respected environmental ethicist and scientist, makes a damning case that the only reason that debate about climate change continues is because fossil-fuel interests pay non-experts to confuse the public. She then builds a comprehensive case against the argument made by many that nuclear fission is a viable solution to the problem, arguing that data on the viability of nuclear power has been misrepresented by the nuclear industry and its supporters. In particular she says that they present deeply flawed cases that nuclear produces low greenhouse gas emissions, that it is financially responsible, that it is safe, and that its risks do not fall mainly on the poor and vulnerable. She argues convincingly that these are all completely false assumptions. Shrader-Frechette then shows that energy efficiency and renewable solutions meet all these requirements - in particular affordability, safety, and equitability. In the end, the cheapest, lowest-carbon, most-sustainable energy solutions also happen to be the most ethical. This urgent book on the most pressing issue of our time will be of interest to anyone involved in environmental and energy policy. "An extraordinary achievement by a philosopher-scientist and public intellectual. The book is unmatched in its synthesis of the empirical data, theory and ethics that infuse the climate-change debates. Its overpowering but transparent argument should be mandatory reading for every elected official. Shrader-Frechette takes practical logic and scientific transparency to new heights. The best book written in the last decade on climate change." - Sheldon Krimsky, Tufts University "Shrader-Frechette's book is outstanding. She makes a thorough review of the scientific evidence on nuclear health risks, and also explains the political and economic forces affecting public policy. Very readable for scientists, policy makers, and the public." - Joseph J. Mangano, Radiation and Public Health Project, New York "Fascinating and important! Shrader-Frechette presents the scientific, economic, and ethical evidence for the failure of nuclear power -- it is neither carbon-free nor a viable solution to the energy crisis and global warming. While explaining the nuances of the scientific, economic and ethical arguments, the author teaches the reader why solar and wind energy, along with energy efficiency changes, will yield a safe, healthy, reliable and economically efficient energy future for the planet." - Colleen F. Moore, University of Wisconsin, author of Children and Pollution: Why Scientists Disagree

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367

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OUP USA

Published Date

ISBN 10

0199794634

ISBN 13

9780199794638

Risk Analysis and Scientific Method

Methodological and Ethical Problems with Evaluating Societal Hazards

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Risk Analysis and Scientific Method

Methodological and Ethical Problems with Evaluating Societal Hazards

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

Much of the work in this volume was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant SES82-05112 from the Program in History and Philosophy of Science and the Division of Policy Research and Analysis. (Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. ) Several of these essays were written because of the impetus afforded by speaking invitations. An earlier version of Chapter 3 was presented in Berkeley in January 1983 at a Principal Investi gators' Conference sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis, Technology Assessment and Risk Assessment Group. In May 1982, an earlier version of Chapter 5 was presented at the meeting of the Society for Philos ophy and Technology, held in conjunction with the American Philosophical Association meeting, Western Division, in Columbus, Ohio. Finally, earlier versions of Chapter 6 were presented in Boston in December 1981 at the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, as well as at the University of Delaware in January 1982 and at the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association held in Philadelphia in October 1982. An earlier version of this same chapter was published in Philosophy of Science Association 82, volume 1, ed. T. Nickles, Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, Michigan, 1982. A number of people have helped to make this book better than it might have been.

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234

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Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

9400952414

ISBN 13

9789400952416

Taking Action, Saving Lives

Our Duties to Protect Environmental and Public Health

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Taking Action, Saving Lives

Our Duties to Protect Environmental and Public Health

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

In the United States alone, industrial and agricultural toxins account for about 60,000 avoidable cancer deaths annually. Pollution-related health costs to Americans are similarly staggering: $13 billion a year from asthma, $351 billion from cardiovascular disease, and $240 billion from occupational disease and injury. Most troubling, children, the poor, and minorities bear the brunt of these health tragedies. Why, asks Kristin Shrader-Frechette, has the government failed to protect us, and what can we do about it? In this book, at once brilliant and accessible, Shrader-Frechette reveals how politicians, campaign contributors, and lobbyists--and their power over media, advertising, and public relations--have conspired to cover up environmental disease and death. She also shows how science and regulators themselves are frequently "captured" by well-funded polluters and special interests. But most important, the author puts both the blame--and the solution--on the shoulders of ordinary citizens. She argues that everyone, especially in a democracy, has a duty to help prevent avoidable environmental deaths, to remain informed about, and involved in, public-health and environmental decision-making. Toward this end, she outlines specific, concrete ways in which people can contribute to life-saving reforms, many of them building on recommendations of the American Public Health Association. As disturbing as it is, Shrader-Frechette's message is ultimately hopeful. Calling for a new "democratic revolution," she reminds us that while only a fraction of the early colonists supported the American Revolution, that tiny group managed to change the world. Her book embodies the conviction that we can do the same for environmental health, particularly if citizens become the change they seek. "Timely, accessible, and written with enviable clarity and passion. A distinguished philosopher sounds an ethical call to arms to prevent illness and death from pollution." --Sheila Jasanoff, Harvard University "Influential and impressive. A must-read." --Nicholas A. Ashford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology "By one of America's foremost philosophers and public intellectuals; immensely readable, courageous, often startling, insightful." --Richard Hiskes, University of Connecticut "Like Rachel Carson's Silent Spring--brilliant, brave." --Sylvia Hood Washington, University of Illinois, Chicago "A blistering account of how advocacy must be brought to bear on issues of justice and public health." -- Jeffrey Kahn, University of Minnesota "No other author can so forcefully bring together ethical analysis, government policy, and environmental science. Outstanding." --Colleen Moore, University of Wisconsin

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491

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Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0199886741

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9780199886746

Science Policy, Ethics, and Economic Methodology

Some Problems of Technology Assessment and Environmental-Impact Analysis

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Science Policy, Ethics, and Economic Methodology

Some Problems of Technology Assessment and Environmental-Impact Analysis

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

If indeed scientists and technologists, especially economists, set much of the agenda by which the future is played out, and I think they do, then the student of scientific methodology and public ethics has at least three options. He can embrace certain scientific methods and the value they hold for social decisionmaking, much as Milton Friedman has accepted neoclassical econom ics. Or, he can condemn them, regardless of their value, much as Stuart Hampshire has rejected risk-cost-benefit analysis (RCBA). Finally, he can critically assess these scientific methods and attempt to provide solutions to the problems he has uncovered. As a philosopher of science seeking the middle path between uncritical acceptance and extremist rejection of the economic methods used in policy analysis, I have tried to avoid the charge of being "anti science". Fred Hapgood, in response to my presentation at a recent Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, said that my arguments "felt like" a call for rejection of the methods of risk-cost-benefit analysis. Not so, as Chapter Two of this volume should make eminently clear. All my criticisms are construc tive ones, and the flaws in economic methodology which I address are uncovered for the purpose of suggesting means of making good techniques better. Likewise, although I criticize the economic methodology by which many technology assessments (TA's) and environmental-impact analyses (EIA's) have been used to justify public projects, it is wrong to conclude that I am anti-technology.

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413

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Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

9400964498

ISBN 13

9789400964495

Ethics of Scientific Research

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Ethics of Scientific Research

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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255

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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers

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ISBN 10

0585165297

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9780585165295

Tainted

How Philosophy of Science Can Expose Bad Science

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Tainted

How Philosophy of Science Can Expose Bad Science

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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313

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Oxford University Press

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0199396426

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9780199396429

Policy for Land

Law and Ethics

By: Lynton Keith Caldwell,Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette

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Policy for Land

Law and Ethics

By: Lynton Keith Caldwell,Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette

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356

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Rowman & Littlefield

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ISBN 10

0847677796

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9780847677795

What Will Work

Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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What Will Work

Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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367

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OUP USA

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0199794634

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9780199794638

Environmental Justice

Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy

By: Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette

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Environmental Justice

Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy

By: Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette

Shrader-Frechette offers a rigorous philosophical discussion of environmental justice. Explaining fundamental ethical concepts such as equality, property rights, procedural justice, free informed consent, intergenerational equity, and just compensation--and then bringing them to bear on real-world social issues--she shows how many of these core concepts have been compromised for a large segment of the global population, including Appalachians, African-Americans, workers in hazardous jobs, and indigenous people in developing nations. She argues that burdens like pollution and resource depletion need to be apportioned more equally, and that there are compelling ethical grounds for remedying our environmental problems. She also argues that those affected by environmental problems must be included in the process of remedying those problems; that all citizens have a duty to engage in activism on behalf of environmental justice; and that in a democracy it is the people, not the government, that are ultimately responsible for fair use of the environment.

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269

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Environmental Ethics & Science

Published Date

ISBN 10

0195183576

ISBN 13

9780195183573

Taking Action, Saving Lives

Our Duties to Protect Environmental and Public Health

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Taking Action, Saving Lives

Our Duties to Protect Environmental and Public Health

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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491

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Oxford University Press

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0199886741

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9780199886746

Environmental Justice

Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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Environmental Justice

Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy

By: Kristin Shrader-Frechette

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284

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Oxford University Press

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0198034709

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9780198034704

Expert Judgment in Assessing Radwaste Risks

What Nevadans Should Know about Yucca Mountain

By: K. S. Shrader-Frechette

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Expert Judgment in Assessing Radwaste Risks

What Nevadans Should Know about Yucca Mountain

By: K. S. Shrader-Frechette

Evaluates instances of methodological value judgments and invalid or imprecise inferences that have occurred in the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) done for the proposed Yucca Mountain high-level radioactive waste facility in Nevada. Extensive references.

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225

Publisher

Diane Publishing Company

Published Date

ISBN 10

078810683X

ISBN 13

9780788106835

Risk and Rationality

Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms

By: Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette

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Risk and Rationality

Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms

By: Kristin Sharon Shrader-Frechette

Only ten to twelve percent of Americans would voluntarily live within a mile of a nuclear plant or hazardous waste facility. But industry spokespersons claim that such risk aversion represents ignorance and paranoia, and they lament that citizen protests have delayed valuable projects and increased their costs. Who is right? In Risk and Rationality, Kristin Shrader-Frechette argues that neither charges of irresponsible endangerment nor countercharges of scientific illiteracy frame the issues properly. She examines the debate over methodological norms for risk evaluation and finds analysts arrayed in a spectrum. Points of view extend from cultural relativists who believe that any risk can be justified (since no rational standards are ultimately possible) to naive positivists who believe that risk evaluation can be objective, neutral, and value free. Both camps, she argues, are wrong, because risk evaluation as a social process is rational and objective, even though all risk-evaluation rules are value-laden. Shrader-Frechette defends a middle position called "scientific proceduralism." She shows why extremist views are unreliable, reveals misconceptions underlying current risk-evaluation methods and strategies, and sketches the reforms needed to set hazard assessment and risk evaluation on a publicly defensible foundation. These reforms involve mathematical, economic, ethical, and legal procedures. They constitute a new paradigm for assessment when acceptance of public hazards is rational, recognizing that laypersons are often more rational in their evaluation of societal risks than either experts or governments have acknowledged. Such reforms would provide citizens with more influence in risk decisions and focus on mediating ethical conflicts, rather than seeking to impose the will of experts. Science, she argues, need not preclude democracy. Only ten to twelve percent of Americans would voluntarily live within a mile of a nuclear plant or hazardous waste facility. But industry spokespersons claim that such risk aversion represents ignorance and paranoia, and they lament that citizen protests have delayed valuable projects and increased their costs. Who is right? In Risk and Rationality, Kristin Shrader-Frechette argues that neither charges of irresponsible endangerment nor countercharges of scientific illiteracy frame the issues properly. She examines the debate over methodological norms for risk evaluation and finds analysts arrayed in a spectrum. Points of view extend from cultural relativists who believe that any risk can be justified (since no rational standards are ultimately possible) to naive positivists who believe that risk evaluation can be objective, neutral, and value free. Both camps, she argues, are wrong, because risk evaluation as a social process is rational and objective, even though all risk-evaluation rules are value-laden. Shrader-Frechette defends a middle position called "scientific proceduralism." She shows why extremist views are unreliable, reveals misconceptions underlying current risk-evaluation methods and strategies, and sketches the reforms needed to set hazard assessment and risk evaluation on a publicly defensible foundation. These reforms involve mathematical, economic, ethical, and legal procedures. They constitute a new paradigm for assessment when acceptance of public hazards is rational, recognizing that laypersons are often more rational in their evaluation of societal risks than either experts or governments have acknowledged. Such reforms would provide citizens with more influence in risk decisions and focus on mediating ethical conflicts, rather than seeking to impose the will of experts. Science, she argues, need not preclude democracy.

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Page Count

328

Publisher

Univ of California Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0520072871

ISBN 13

9780520072879

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