Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. In this book, I hypothesize that large-scale application of human enhancement may be necessary to enable space exploration and exploitation. The book discusses the many arguments for and against human genetic modification for space missions. It also considers the most controversial type of modification, germline gene editing. In the book I present many arguments in favor of applying even radical and considered controversial forms of human enhancements today. The book shows that the environment of future space missions is a unique and different ethical environment from Earth's and requires a modified bioethical approach. The bioethics of space missions should be syncretic, issue-driven, and highly dependent on the purpose of space missions. In the book, I point out the importance of discussing future scenarios of human development. Space bioethics is presented as part of futures studies. The book considers futures of humanity in space that are possible, probable, preferable, but also dystopian. The aim of these considerations is to prevent the development of these worst-case scenarios. The book suggests that we should look to the development of biomedicine with greater optimism and hope. Human enhancement via gene editing for space missions is presented as a pragmatic tool rooted in the principle of well-being"--
Feminist bioethics of space exploration is a combination of words that we may look for in vain in the philosophical literature, as well as, more broadly, in the humanities and social sciences. Moreover, the bioethics of space exploration itself is a novel area and to date has only lived to see one monograph (Szocik 2023), while the combination of feminism and space exploration is unprecedented. It is noteworthy that in 2023, monographs began to appear raising feminist issues in the context of space exploration, albeit, with few exceptions (Kendal 2023), not in relation to bioethical issues. One of them is the work of Erika Nesvold (2023), in which the author highlights the enrichment of the discussion of the future of humanity in space with a humanistic element, which, as Nesvold points out, is definitely lacking in the approach of those in the space sector. The purpose of this monograph is to fill this niche in the philosophy and bioethics of space exploration and, more broadly, in humanistic thinking about the future of humans in space. We propose a feminist perspective on potential selected problems in space such as human enhancement, gene editing, and reproduction. But, as we emphasize in the book, feminism is inherently an all-encompassing philosophical approach. Hence, the reader of this book will also encounter considerations that go beyond the scope of bioethics and take us into areas such as the very meaning of carrying out space missions and their potential consequences, as well as the exclusion of numerous groups of people on Earth. Such exclusion and discrimination-not only of women, but also of people of a different skin color, background, social class, or ability than the privileged group, and therefore also of many men-cast a shadow over future space policy, which is unlikely to be one of equality, justice, and inclusion. Although the bioethics of space missions considered from a feminist perspective is the focus of this monograph, it is impossible not to highlight and discuss other related elements that, according to feminist philosophy, cannot but affect the moral evaluation of bioethics in space"--
This unique and pioneering book critically appraises current work from both the cognitive science of religion and the evolutionary study of religion. It addresses the question: Why does the believer possess supernatural or religious beliefs in the combined context of his cognitive biases, their adaptive usefulness measured in terms of survival and reproduction, and the impact of social learning and cultural traits? The authors outlines a pluralistic approach to the study of religion that does not treat religion as an accidental by-product but an adaptation selected by natural selection. Chapters discuss the role of religious components for the evolution of cooperation and altruism, and explore the development of atheism and secular ideas, in cognitive and evolutionary terms. Topics such as the usefulness of religion, the transmission of religious beliefs, and a Darwinian approach to religion are among those addressed. Contrary to standard views, religious biases are regarded as shaped by cultural influences and not merely by natural dispositions. This monograph will particularly appeal to researchers who are looking for a scientific explanation of religion and religious beliefs but who do not stop at the level of narrow cognitive and evolutionary accounts. The work will also be of interest to students of philosophy, sociology, religious studies, theology, or anthropology who seek to explain such fascinating, complex, and unequivocal phenomena as religion and religious components.
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. In this book, I hypothesize that large-scale application of human enhancement may be necessary to enable space exploration and exploitation. The book discusses the many arguments for and against human genetic modification for space missions. It also considers the most controversial type of modification, germline gene editing. In the book I present many arguments in favor of applying even radical and considered controversial forms of human enhancements today. The book shows that the environment of future space missions is a unique and different ethical environment from Earth's and requires a modified bioethical approach. The bioethics of space missions should be syncretic, issue-driven, and highly dependent on the purpose of space missions. In the book, I point out the importance of discussing future scenarios of human development. Space bioethics is presented as part of futures studies. The book considers futures of humanity in space that are possible, probable, preferable, but also dystopian. The aim of these considerations is to prevent the development of these worst-case scenarios. The book suggests that we should look to the development of biomedicine with greater optimism and hope. Human enhancement via gene editing for space missions is presented as a pragmatic tool rooted in the principle of well-being"--
Feminist bioethics of space exploration is a combination of words that we may look for in vain in the philosophical literature, as well as, more broadly, in the humanities and social sciences. Moreover, the bioethics of space exploration itself is a novel area and to date has only lived to see one monograph (Szocik 2023), while the combination of feminism and space exploration is unprecedented. It is noteworthy that in 2023, monographs began to appear raising feminist issues in the context of space exploration, albeit, with few exceptions (Kendal 2023), not in relation to bioethical issues. One of them is the work of Erika Nesvold (2023), in which the author highlights the enrichment of the discussion of the future of humanity in space with a humanistic element, which, as Nesvold points out, is definitely lacking in the approach of those in the space sector. The purpose of this monograph is to fill this niche in the philosophy and bioethics of space exploration and, more broadly, in humanistic thinking about the future of humans in space. We propose a feminist perspective on potential selected problems in space such as human enhancement, gene editing, and reproduction. But, as we emphasize in the book, feminism is inherently an all-encompassing philosophical approach. Hence, the reader of this book will also encounter considerations that go beyond the scope of bioethics and take us into areas such as the very meaning of carrying out space missions and their potential consequences, as well as the exclusion of numerous groups of people on Earth. Such exclusion and discrimination-not only of women, but also of people of a different skin color, background, social class, or ability than the privileged group, and therefore also of many men-cast a shadow over future space policy, which is unlikely to be one of equality, justice, and inclusion. Although the bioethics of space missions considered from a feminist perspective is the focus of this monograph, it is impossible not to highlight and discuss other related elements that, according to feminist philosophy, cannot but affect the moral evaluation of bioethics in space"--
This unique and pioneering book critically appraises current work from both the cognitive science of religion and the evolutionary study of religion. It addresses the question: Why does the believer possess supernatural or religious beliefs in the combined context of his cognitive biases, their adaptive usefulness measured in terms of survival and reproduction, and the impact of social learning and cultural traits? The authors outlines a pluralistic approach to the study of religion that does not treat religion as an accidental by-product but an adaptation selected by natural selection. Chapters discuss the role of religious components for the evolution of cooperation and altruism, and explore the development of atheism and secular ideas, in cognitive and evolutionary terms. Topics such as the usefulness of religion, the transmission of religious beliefs, and a Darwinian approach to religion are among those addressed. Contrary to standard views, religious biases are regarded as shaped by cultural influences and not merely by natural dispositions. This monograph will particularly appeal to researchers who are looking for a scientific explanation of religion and religious beliefs but who do not stop at the level of narrow cognitive and evolutionary accounts. The work will also be of interest to students of philosophy, sociology, religious studies, theology, or anthropology who seek to explain such fascinating, complex, and unequivocal phenomena as religion and religious components.
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