Possible worlds have revolutionised philosophy and some related fields. But, in recent years, tools based on possible worlds have been found to be limited in many respects. Impossible worlds have been introduced to overcome these limitations. This Element aims to raise and answer the neglected question of what is characteristically impossible about impossible worlds. The Element sheds new light on the nature of impossible worlds. It also aims to analyse the main features and utility of impossible worlds and examine how impossible worlds can capture distinctions which are unavailable if we limit ourselves to possible world-based tools.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the history and current status of policy, research and practices of curriculum, classroom instruction and assessment in Japan. It outlines the mechanism of curriculum organization and the history of the National Courses of Study, and assesses the theories of academic ability model. It also discusses in detail the history of "Lesson Study" – a characteristic teaching practice in Japan which utilizes groups, and reviews the history of educational assessment in Japan. Case studies on the practice of portfolio assessment in the Period for Integrated Study, as well as the practice of performance tasks in subject-based education are illustrated to show various examples of teaching practices. Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment in Japan explores: • Child-centered Curriculum and Discipline-Centered Curriculum • Theories based on Models of Academic Achievement and Competency • Various Methods for Organizing Creative Whole-Class Teaching • Performance Assessment in Subject Teaching A good guideline for those who would like to use the idea of "Lesson Study" in order to improve their own teaching and management practices and a reference to all working in educational improvement, this book will be of interest to educators and policymakers concerned with curriculum practices or those with an interest in the Japanese education system. Chapters 2 and 5 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
This fascinating book focuses on Kyoto high-tech companies that have captured leading market share with globally preeminent technologies and yet have been able to maintain their robust profitability even under Japan's current prolonged recession.The book aims to uncover the secrets of success behind such companies as Kyocera Corp., Omron Corp., Murata Manufacturing Co., Rohm Co. and Horiba Ltd. and their management systems, generally termed 'the Kyoto Model'.The unique features of the model are detailed: the history and founding of these high-tech companies, their management attitude giving priority to corporate philosophies, their organizational management, the emphasis they put on R&D management and production technologies, their personnel management, and finally, their philanthropic activities.The Kyoto Model, with its high technology-oriented management system, is a useful case study and tool for Japan's R&D ventures.
After decades of anticipation, Alfred is proud to release the officially licensed, collectible sheet music companion folios to the Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ video game series. This collection of 34 themes is arranged for solo guitar performance with full notation and TAB.Œæ Each song is arranged in easy guitar keys at an easy--intermediate level, and all pieces are suitable for recitals, concerts, and solo performances. Beloved by generations of gamers around the globe, these instantly recognizable melodies are drawn from more than two decades of NintendoŒ¬ video games, from Koji Kondo's iconic "Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Ground Background Music" to the New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Wiiä‹¢ themes. Adding to the fun, graphics from the corresponding games grace each page of the sheet music. Impress friends, family, and audiences of all ages by playing from this magnificent collection, which makes a great gift for every guitarist. Titles: * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Ground Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Underground Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Underwater Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Invincible Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢: The Lost Levels EndingŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ 3 Map 1Œæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ 3 Ground Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ 3 Boss of the FortressŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ 3 Skyship Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario Worldä‹¢ TitleŒæ * Super Mario Worldä‹¢ Castle Background MusicŒæ * Dr. Marioä‹¢ ChillŒæ * Dr. Marioä‹¢ Title Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario Kartä‹¢ Mario CircuitŒæ * Super Mario Worldä‹¢ 2 Yoshi's Islandä‹¢ AthleticŒæ * Super Mario Worldä‹¢ 2 Yoshi's Islandä‹¢ Ground Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario 64ä‹¢ Main ThemeŒæ * Super Mario 64ä‹¢ Water LandŒæ * Mario Kartä‹¢ 64 CircuitŒæ * Super Mario Sunshineä‹¢ Dolpic TownŒæ * New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ TitleŒæ * New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Giant Background MusicŒæ * New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Battle Background Music 2Œæ * New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Battle Background Music 1Œæ * Super Mario Galaxyä‹¢ Ending Staff Credit RollŒæ * Mario Kartä‹¢ Wiiä‹¢ Rainbow RoadŒæ * New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Wiiä‹¢ TitleŒæ * New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Wiiä‹¢ Ground Background Music * New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Wiiä‹¢ Underwater Background MusicŒæ * New Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Wiiä‹¢ Desert Background MusicŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Time Up Warning FanfareŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Course Clear FanfareŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ World Clear FanfareŒæ * Super Mario Bros.ä‹¢ Power Down, Game Over
After decades of anticipation, Alfred is proud to release the officially licensed, collectible sheet music companion folios to the Super Mario Bros.™ video game series. The 34 arrangements in this intermediate-advanced piano edition are note-for-note transcriptions of instantly recognizable melodies beloved by generations of gamers around the globe. From Koji Kondo's iconic "Super Mario Bros.™ Ground Background Music" to the New Super Mario Bros.™ Wii™ themes, the dozens of pieces in this book represent two and a half decades of Nintendo® video game favorites. Adding to the fun, graphics from the corresponding games grace each page of the sheet music. Impress friends, family, and audiences of all ages by playing from this magnificent collection, which makes a great gift for every pianist. Titles: * Super Mario Bros.™ Ground Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Underground Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Underwater Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Castle Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Invincible Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™: The Lost Levels Ending * Super Mario Bros.™ 3 Map 1 * Super Mario Bros.™ 3 Ground Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ 3 Boss of the Fortress * Super Mario Bros.™ 3 Skyship Background Music * Super Mario World™ Title * Super Mario World™ Castle Background Music * Dr. Mario™ Chill * Dr. Mario™ Title Background Music * Super Mario Kart™ Mario Circuit * Super Mario World™ 2 Yoshi's Island™ Athletic * Super Mario World™ 2 Yoshi's Island™ Ground Background Music * Super Mario 64™ Main Theme * Super Mario 64™ Water Land * Mario Kart™ 64 Circuit * Super Mario Sunshine™ Dolpic Town * New Super Mario Bros.™ Title * New Super Mario Bros.™ Giant Background Music * New Super Mario Bros.™ Battle Background Music 2 * New Super Mario Bros.™ Battle Background Music 1 * Super Mario Galaxy™ Ending Staff Credit Roll * Mario Kart™ Wii™ Rainbow Road * New Super Mario Bros.™ Wii™ Ground Background Music * New Super Mario Bros.™ Wii™ Underwater Background Music * New Super Mario Bros.™ Wii™ Desert Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Time Up Warning Fanfare * Super Mario Bros.™ Course Clear Fanfare * Super Mario Bros.™ World Clear Fanfare * Super Mario Bros.™ Power Down, Game Over
After decades of anticipation, Alfred is proud to release the officially licensed, collectible sheet music companion folios to the Super Mario Bros.™ video game series. The 34 arrangements in this Easy Piano edition contain the instantly recognizable melodies beloved by generations of gamers around the globe. From Koji Kondo’s iconic "Super Mario Bros.™ Ground Background Music" to the New Super Mario Bros.™ Wii™ themes, the dozens of pieces in this book represent two and a half decades of Nintendo® video game favorites. Adding to the fun, graphics from the corresponding games grace each page of the sheet music. Impress friends, family, and audiences of all ages by playing from this magnificent collection, which makes a great gift for every pianist. Titles: * Super Mario Bros.™ Ground Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Underground Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Underwater Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Castle Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Invincible Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™: The Lost Levels Ending * Super Mario Bros.™ 3 Map 1 * Super Mario Bros.™ 3 Ground Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ 3 Boss of the Fortress * Super Mario Bros.™ 3 Skyship Background Music * Super Mario World™ Title * Super Mario World™ Castle Background Music * Dr. Mario™ Chill * Dr. Mario™ Title Background Music * Super Mario Kart™ Mario Circuit * Super Mario World™ 2 Yoshi’s Island™ Athletic * Super Mario World™ 2 Yoshi’s Island™ Ground Background Music * Super Mario 64™ Main Theme * Super Mario 64™ Water Land * Mario Kart™ 64 Circuit * Super Mario Sunshine™ Dolpic Town * New Super Mario Bros.™ Title * New Super Mario Bros.™ Giant Background Music * New Super Mario Bros.™ Battle Background Music 2 * New Super Mario Bros.™ Battle Background Music 1 * Super Mario Galaxy™ Ending Staff Credit Roll * Mario Kart™ Wii™ Rainbow Road * New Super Mario Bros.™ Wii™ Ground Background Music * New Super Mario Bros.™ Wii™ Underwater Background Music * New Super Mario Bros.™ Wii™ Desert Background Music * Super Mario Bros.™ Time Up Warning Fanfare * Super Mario Bros.™ Course Clear Fanfare * Super Mario Bros.™ World Clear Fanfare * Super Mario Bros.™ Power Down, Game Over "Best in Show" Award at Winter NAMM 2012 presented by Music Inc. magazine.
What is deep learning for those who study physics? Is it completely different from physics? Or is it similar? In recent years, machine learning, including deep learning, has begun to be used in various physics studies. Why is that? Is knowing physics useful in machine learning? Conversely, is knowing machine learning useful in physics? This book is devoted to answers of these questions. Starting with basic ideas of physics, neural networks are derived naturally. And you can learn the concepts of deep learning through the words of physics. In fact, the foundation of machine learning can be attributed to physical concepts. Hamiltonians that determine physical systems characterize various machine learning structures. Statistical physics given by Hamiltonians defines machine learning by neural networks. Furthermore, solving inverse problems in physics through machine learning and generalization essentially provides progress and even revolutions in physics. For these reasons, in recent years interdisciplinary research in machine learning and physics has been expanding dramatically. This book is written for anyone who wants to learn, understand, and apply the relationship between deep learning/machine learning and physics. All that is needed to read this book are the basic concepts in physics: energy and Hamiltonians. The concepts of statistical mechanics and the bracket notation of quantum mechanics, which are explained in columns, are used to explain deep learning frameworks. We encourage you to explore this new active field of machine learning and physics, with this book as a map of the continent to be explored.
Teachers are supposed to inspire the younger generation to follow their dreams and achieve great things. However, our hero, Nozomu is not that teacher. Nozomu's probably the most depressive man in Japan--so depressive, in fact, that every little setback in life inspires yet another suicide attempt! But then why is being in Nozomu's class such a blast? Is it his quirky and endearing students? The bizarre adventures he leads them on? Or is there something after all to "the Power of Negative Thinking"? RACE OF DESPAIR Zetsubou-sensei explains his fear of relay races. After all, you never know what kind of baton you'll be passed! What if the CEO of a company passes off the baton to you right as the company goes bankrupt? Or what if a movie director passes off the baton to you right after the main actor quits? What would you do then, huh? In a moment of weakness, however, Zetsubou-sensei passes off the baton to a student. How will the "Second Generation Zetsubou-sensei" fare? Includes special extras after the story!
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the history and current status of policy, research and practices of curriculum, classroom instruction and assessment in Japan. It outlines the mechanism of curriculum organization and the history of the National Courses of Study, and assesses the theories of academic ability model. It also discusses in detail the history of "Lesson Study" – a characteristic teaching practice in Japan which utilizes groups, and reviews the history of educational assessment in Japan. Case studies on the practice of portfolio assessment in the Period for Integrated Study, as well as the practice of performance tasks in subject-based education are illustrated to show various examples of teaching practices. Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment in Japan explores: • Child-centered Curriculum and Discipline-Centered Curriculum • Theories based on Models of Academic Achievement and Competency • Various Methods for Organizing Creative Whole-Class Teaching • Performance Assessment in Subject Teaching A good guideline for those who would like to use the idea of "Lesson Study" in order to improve their own teaching and management practices and a reference to all working in educational improvement, this book will be of interest to educators and policymakers concerned with curriculum practices or those with an interest in the Japanese education system. Chapters 2 and 5 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
Possible worlds have revolutionised philosophy and some related fields. But, in recent years, tools based on possible worlds have been found to be limited in many respects. Impossible worlds have been introduced to overcome these limitations. This Element aims to raise and answer the neglected question of what is characteristically impossible about impossible worlds. The Element sheds new light on the nature of impossible worlds. It also aims to analyse the main features and utility of impossible worlds and examine how impossible worlds can capture distinctions which are unavailable if we limit ourselves to possible world-based tools.
An original, substantial contribution to interpretive archaeology (the first of its kind for Japan and East Asia), An Archaeological History of Japan addresses a broad range of issues concerning the self-identification of groups and the use of the past in contemporary society.
Cement-based concrete has excellent properties as a construction material, and the raw materials of cement rocks, and limestone and clay are bountiful. Yet its production generates high quantities of CO2, making it a potentially unsustainable material. However, there are no alternatives to concrete and steel as basic methods for development of soci
Global Social Archaeologies contributes to the active engagement of contemporary social archaeology through addressing issues such as postcolonialism, community heritage, and Indigenous rights. It addresses the major challenge of breaking down global divides, especially in relation to fundamental human rights, inequality, and inequities of wealth, power, and access to knowledge. This authoritative volume, authored by the current and past presidents of the World Archaeological Congress, introduces readers to the various theoretical and methodological tools available for the investigation of the past. Taking into account the implications for contemporary societies, it offers a new framework for social archaeologies in a globalised world. By combining new data from their research with an innovative synthesis and analysis of leading research by others, the authors have developed fresh conceptualisations and understandings of archaeology as a social practice, and of the ways in which it simultaneously straddles the past, present, and future. Exploring a range of case studies and enhanced by a wealth of illustrations, Global Social Archaeologies highlights a new approach to archaeology, one that places human rights at the core of archaeological theory and practice.
This book provides an introduction to the important methods of chiroptical spectroscopy in general, and circular dichroism (CD) in particular, which are increasingly important in all areas of chemistry, biochemistry, and structural biology. The book can be used as a text for undergraduate and graduate students and as a reference for researchers in academia and industry, with or without the companion volume in this set. Experimental methods and instrumentation are described with topics ranging from the most widely used methods (electronic and vibrational CD) to frontier areas such as nonlinear spectroscopy and photoelectron CD, as well as the theory of chiroptical methods and techniques for simulating chiroptical properties. Each chapter is written by one or more leading authorities with extensive experience in the field.
From the savage mind of Koji Kumeta-a twisted trip of deliciously wicked proportions One of Zetsubou-sensei's new students-a genius storyteller-can melt even her teacher's black heart. Meanwhile, Chiri, the obsessive-compulsive girl who longs to marry Zetsubou-sensei, is thrilled when the morose young man actually invites her somewhere. Has Zetsubou-sensei asked Chiri out on a date, or is he planning a murder-suicide? Either option may involve flowers! Includes special extras after the story!
This is the first book-length study of the Yayoi and Kofun periods of Japan (c.600 BC–AD 700), in which the introduction of rice paddy-field farming from the Korean peninsula ignited the rapid development of social complexity and hierarchy that culminated with the formation of the ancient Japanese state. The author traces the historical trajectory of the Yayoi and Kofun periods by employing cutting-edge sociological, anthropological and archaeological theories and methods. The book reveals a fascinating process through which sophisticated hunter-gatherer communities in an archipelago on the eastern fringe of the Eurasian continent were transformed materially and symbolically into a state.
The Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy covers its history through a chronology, an introductory essay, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 400 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Japanese Foreign Policy.
First published in 1991. In general, Japan's economic system is viewed as being capitalism, and there seems to be no room for doubting otherwise. If one glances at the many subsystems that form the Japanese economy's foundation, for example, such as private ownership of property, joint stock companies and well-developed markets, one is forced to conclude that yes, indeed, Japan belongs to the group of highly developed capitalist nations. Although not widely recognized yet, a new economic system has developed and been nurtured in Japan inside a shell of capitalism. The new system differs greatly from traditional capitalism, but that does not mean to say it has drawn close to socialism. Nor can the newness of this system be understood by viewing it as depending principally on either market or planning principles, or on the two in combination. This book discusses the new corporate system in specific terms, explaining how it differs from the system of orthodox capitalist corporations, in being both more progressive and more fitting for meeting the various conditions of contemporary industrial society. It also explains the circumstances, in the context of the new corporate system, that brought forth powerful corporations for which it is difficult to find comparisons in other countries.
This unified presentation of the chemistry of non-stoichiometric compounds is the first monograph on the subject for two decades. Based on statistical thermodynamics and structural inorganic chemistry, with descriptions of modern examples and applications, this will be useful to both researchers in industry and undergraduates in solid state chemistry and physics.
Practical Channel Hydraulics is a technical guide for estimating flood water levels in rivers using the innovative software known as the Conveyance and Afflux Estimation System (CES-AES). The stand alone software is freely available at HR Wallingford’s website www.river-conveyance.net. The conveyance engine has also been embedded within industry standard river modelling software such as InfoWorks RS and Flood Modeller Pro. This 2nd Edition has been greatly expanded through the addition of Chapters 6-8, which now supply the background to the Shiono and Knight Method (SKM), upon which the CES-AES is largely based. With the need to estimate river levels more accurately, computational methods are now frequently embedded in flood risk management procedures, as for example in ISO 18320 (‘Determination of the stage-discharge relationship’), in which both the SKM and CES feature. The CES-AES incorporates five main components: A Roughness Adviser, A Conveyance Generator, an Uncertainty Estimator, a Backwater Module and an Afflux Estimator. The SKM provides an alternative approach, solving the governing equation analytically or numerically using Excel, or with the short FORTRAN program provided. Special attention is paid to calculating the distributions of boundary shear stress distributions in channels of different shape, and to appropriate formulations for resistance and drag forces, including those on trees in floodplains. Worked examples are given for flows in a wide range of channel types (size, shape, cover, sinuosity), ranging from small scale laboratory flumes (Q = 2.0 1s-1) to European rivers (~2,000 m3s-1), and large-scale world rivers (> 23,000 m3s-1), a ~ 107 range in discharge. Sites from rivers in the UK, France, China, New Zealand and Ecuador are considered. Topics are introduced initially at a simplified level, and get progressively more complex in later chapters. This book is intended for post graduate level students and practising engineers or hydrologists engaged in flood risk management, as well as those who may simply just wish to learn more about modelling flows in rivers.
In the previous work ""Free Music1960 80: Anthology of Open Music"", we originally planned to feature about 1,000 albums from 1960 to 2000, but since the contents of the book was up to 1980, we could introduce only 166 albums as Disk Guide in the latter half of the book and could not introduce other many albums. Therefore, from that experience, we decided to independently publish the Disk Guide part as a sequel to the previous work, adding 234 albums to the 166 albums already introduced in ""Fee music1960 80"" and featuring a total of 401 albums. And The title of the book was renamed "freeJazz & Freemusic" and published.
Excitation and Inhibition: Synaptic Morphology proposes the S-F hypothesis that emphasizes the relationship between structure and function of synapses. This book begins with an introduction to the notion of inhibition in the physiology of the nervous system and history of “synapse , followed by a discussion on the development of concept and morphological correlates of excitation and inhibition in relation to the S-F hypothesis. The mechanism of synaptic excitation and inhibition, physiological classification of neurons, and release mechanism of transmitters are also elaborated. This text describes the synaptic vesicles as a basis of transmitter, membrane recycle, transmission in the sympathetic ganglion, and transmitter substance. The criticism of S-F hypothesis, which deliberates the skeptical investigations of specialists regarding the simplicity and immaturity of the S-F hypothesis of synaptic morphology are provided at the end. This publication is beneficial to medical students and practitioners aiming to acquire knowledge of the physiology of synapses.
Femtosecond lasers opened up new avenue in materials processing due to its unique features of ultrashort pulse width and extremely high peak intensity. One of the most important features of femtosecond laser processing is that strong absorption can be induced even by materials which are transparent to the femtosecond laser beam due to nonlinear multiphoton absorption. The multiphoton absorption allows us to perform not only surface but also three-dimensionally internal microfabrication of transparent materials such as glass. This capability makes it possible to directly fabricate three-dimensional microfluidics, micromechanics, microelectronics and microoptics embedded in the glass. Further, these microcomponents can be easily integrated in a single glass microchip by the simple procedure using the femtosecond laser. Thus, the femtosecond laser processing provides some advantages over conventional methods such as traditional semiconductor processing or soft lithography for fabrication of microfluidic, optofludic and lab-on-a-chip devices and thereby many researches on this topic are currently being carried out. This book presents a comprehensive review on the state of the art and future prospects of femtosecond laser processing for fabrication of microfluidics and optofludics including principle of femtosecond laser processing, detailed fabrication procedures of each microcomponent and practical applications to biochemical analysis.
This is the first book dedicated to the scrutinization of Myanmar's unofficial foreign exchange market, its roots in restrictive administrative controls on foreign exchange and international trade, and its effects on the country’s economic performance. This book integrates vast pieces of records and data with first-hand information from extensive fieldwork to create an overall picture of the chaotic but seemingly efficient foreign exchange market in Myanmar, a transitional economy in Southeast Asia whose economic systems had been less known due to its isolation until recently. This book illustrates how the unofficial foreign exchange market emerged during the country’s transition to a market-based economy, how informal currency deals proliferated under restrictive controls, and why they persist despite the significant economic reforms since 2011. Refuting the conventional wisdom of foreign exchange policy reforms, this research clarifies path-dependent features of foreign exchange market systems, and it discusses possible solutions for modernizing economic systems. This book is highly recommended to readers who seek an in-depth analytical narrative about informal economic activities and foreign exchange policy reforms in a fragile state.
This brief is concerned with the fundamentals of corrosion of metallic materials and electrochemistry for better understanding of corrosion phenomena. Corrosion is related to both the environment and material properties, induced by electrochemical reactions at the interface between metallic materials and the environment as in aqueous and gaseous phases. In order to understand corrosion phenomena, knowledge of electrochemistry is thus required, and to investigate the cause of corrosion damage, appropriate electrochemical experiments must be performed. Corrosion scientists should therefore possess knowledge of both electrochemistry and its related experimental techniques. In this book, corrosion phenomena are introduced from the electrochemical aspect. Electrochemical techniques for the study of corrosion are then described with other techniques that can be combined with electrochemistry. Because this brief is characterized as starting with the fundamentals of corrosion and electrochemistry, it is accessible to undergraduate students as well as to graduate students who are beginning corrosion research.
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