The discipline of silviculture is at a crossroads. Silviculturists are under increasing pressure to develop practices that sustain the full function and dynamics of forested ecosystems and maintain ecosystem diversity and resilience while still providing needed wood products. A Critique of Silviculture offers a penetrating look at the current state of the field and provides suggestions for its future development. The book includes an overview of the historical developments of silvicultural techniques and describes how these developments are best understood in their contemporary philosophical, social, and ecological contexts. It also explains how the traditional strengths of silviculture are becoming limitations as society demands a varied set of benefits from forests and as we learn more about the importance of diversity on ecosystem functions and processes. The authors go on to explain how other fields, specifically ecology and complexity science, have developed in attempts to understand the diversity of nature and the variability and heterogeneity of ecosystems. The authors suggest that ideas and approaches from these fields could offer a road map to a new philosophical and practical approach that endorses managing forests as complex adaptive systems. A Critique of Silviculture bridges a gap between silviculture and ecology that has long hindered the adoption of new ideas. It breaks the mold of disciplinary thinking by directly linking new ideas and findings in ecology and complexity science to the field of silviculture. This is a critically important book that is essential reading for anyone involved with forest ecology, forestry, silviculture, or the management of forested ecosystems.
Discusses Hahn’s contributions to science and his reflections of scientific and social responsibility. The author concludes that Hahn’s ideas can still serve as a foundation for responsible and moral actions by scientists.
Forest ecosystems include a great variety of communities of organisms interacting with their physical environment: multi-aged natural forests, even-aged monocultures, and secondary forests invaded by foreign species. The challenge is to sustain their ability to function, by adapting to changing climates and satisfying a multitude of human demands. Our first chapter sets the scene with a discussion about the effects of forest management on ecosystem services. Details about forest observational infrastructures are introduced in the second chapter. The third chapter presents methods of analysing forest density and structure. Models for estimating the shape and growth of individual forest trees are introduced in chapter 4, models of forest community production in Chapter 5. Methods and examples of sustainable forest design are covered in chapter 6. New scientific contributions continue to emerge as we are writing, and this work is never finished. We hope to continue with regular updates replacing obsolete sections with new ones, but the general aim remains the same, to introduce a range of methods that will assist those interested in sustaining forest ecosystems.
Klaus Urner has discovered proof that Hitler wanted to "rub out" Switzerland. The planned occupation of the country was, however, postponed for a short time and in the end did not materialize. Switzerland was the only country in Western Europe that did not suffer military invasion in World War II. It made itself indispensable to both sides and survived in the eye of the hurricane that was Nazi aggression. "Let's Swallow Switzerland", including archival photographs, original color maps, and reprints of secret documents, sets new standards for the investigation of this important chapter of twentieth-century history.
In an lUlffianaged woodland, forest development follows a succession of periods of undisturbed natural growth, interrupted by intermediate loss or damage of trees caused by fire or wind or other natural hazards. In a managed woodland, the most important periodic disturbances are the thinning operations, which are often carried out at regular intervals and which usually have a significant effect on the future evolution of the resource. Thus, a realistic model of forest development includes both natural growth and thinnings. The key to successful timber management is a proper understanding of growth processes, and one of the objectives of modelling forest development is to provide the tools that enable foresters to compare alternative silvicultural treatments. Foresters need to be able to anticipate the consequences of a particular thinning operation. In most cases, total timber volume is not a very appropriate measure for quantifying growth or yields, or changes caused by thinning operations. Yield in economic terms is defined by the dimensions and quality attributes of the harvestable logs, and estimating timber products is a central issue of production-oriented growth and yield research. Introduction 2 Growth modelling is also an essential prerequisite for evaluating the consequences of a particular management action on the future development of an important natural resource, such as a woodland ecosystem.
There is a long tradition of using wood as a distinct and ecologically sound building material. Wooden architecture conveys for today’s world the breadth of knowledge held in Western and Eastern cultures about the creative use of this unique material. The typical technique of building with wood, joinery, requires that elements are connected only by the skillful interlocking of the constructive parts. In this book, the history of wooden architecture is described in detail using hundreds of examples from Japan, China and Europe. From a holistic understanding, a picture emerges that is informative for architects, and designers, reopens an almost lost world to builders, and will enthrall laypeople. Also available in a German edition (ISBN 978-3-0356-2479-3)
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) enables multiple communication links to use a common transmission fiber by transmitting a multitude of different wavelengths at the same time. This chapter describes WDM technology, including options such as coarse and dense WDM defined by standards such as ITU-T Recommendations G.652 to G.657. The wavelength spectrum allocation for the L-, C-, S-, E-, and O-bands is discussed. Related technologies, such as time-division multiplexing and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, are also described in this context. Topics include service mapping using the generic framing procedure and virtual concatenation, technology for optical transceivers and filters, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers, fiber Bragg gratings, and array waveguides. WDM link budgets and noise sources are also discussed, including rings and other topologies, protection schemes, dispersion compensating fiber, equalization, and modulation options including extensions to 100G.
Kaum eine andere Periode der r�mischen Geschichte bietet ein so turbulentes Bild wie die Soldatenkaiserzeit zwischen 235 und 284 n. Chr. Zahlreiche Einf�lle von Germanen und Persern, h�ufige Herrscherwechsel und wirtschaftliche Probleme erschuetterten das R�mische Reich in seinen Grundfesten. Neben Krisensymptomen lassen sich aber auch Reformans�tze aufzeigen. Der Band vereinigt die Vortr�ge einer Berliner Tagung vom Juli 2005. Die 20 Autorinnen und Autoren untersuchen die Transformationsprozesse auf Reichsebene, in den Regionen und auf dem Gebiet der Religion sowie die Deutungsmodelle in der Forschungsgeschichte. Sie leisten damit einen Beitrag zur kontroversen Diskussion ueber den Charakter dieser Epoche. Inhalt Klaus-Peter Johne / Thomas Gerhardt / Udo Hartmann: Einleitung Er�ffnungsvortrag: Hartwin Brandt: Facts and Fictions - Die Historia Augusta und das 3.�Jahrhundert I. Die Transformation des R�mischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert I.1. Die politische Transformation des Reiches: Lukas de Blois: The Onset of Crisis in the First Half of the Third Century A.�D. Ulrich Huttner: Zwischen Traditionalismus und Totalitarismus. Zur Ideologie und Praxis der Regierung des Kaisers Decius Bruno Bleckmann: Zu den Motiven der Christenverfolgung des Decius Michael P. Speidel: Gallienus and the Marcomanni Udo Hartmann: Der Mord an Kaiser Gallienus � Klaus-Peter Johne: Die Illyrischen Kaiser als Herrscher neuen Typs Olivier Hekster�/ Erika Manders: Kaiser gegen Kaiser: Bilder der Macht im 3.�Jahrhundert I.2. Wandel und Kontinuit�t in den Regionen des R�mischen Reiches: Christian Witschel: Zur Situation im r�mischen Africa w�hrend des 3.�Jahrhunderts Kai Ruffing: Wirtschaftliche Prosperit�t im 3. Jahrhundert: Die St�dte �gyptens als Paradigma? Werner Oenbrink: Shahba�/ Philippopolis - Die Transformation einer safaitisch-arabischen Siedlung in eine r�mische Colonia Johannes Noll�: Bronzene Reflexe einer Krise. Das st�dtische Muenzwesen Kleinasiens als Indikator von Ph�nomenen der Reichskrise des 3.�Jahrhunderts und von zeitgen�ssischem Krisenempfinden I.3. Transformation religi�ser Vorstellungen im 3. Jahrhundert: Thorsten Fleck: Isis, Sarapis, Mithras und die Ausbreitung des Christentums im 3. Jahrhundert Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst: Die manich�ische Mission in Palmyra. Die Quellen und ihre Auswertung II. Die Rezeption der Soldatenkaiserzeit II.1. Die Rezeption im Mittelalter und in der Fruehen Neuzeit: Andreas Goltz: Zerrbilder eines Herrschers und Christenverfolgers. Zur Rezeption Kaiser Valerians in Sp�tantike, Mittelalter und Neuzeit Kathrin Schade: Palladio und die Soldatenkaiser. Renaissancezeichnungen verlorener Monumentalbauten des 3.�Jahrhunderts in Rom II.2. Das 3.�Jahrhundert in der modernen Forschung: Monika Schuol: Die Wuerdigung der Soldatenkaiserzeit in der rechtsgeschichtlichen Forschung Thomas Gerhardt: Zur Geschichte des Krisenbegriffs Matth�us Heil: �Soldatenkaiser� als Epochenbegriff Die Soldatenkaiser � Abkuerzungsverzeichnis � Abbildungsverzeichnis � Autorenverzeichnis � Register � Tafeln.
Der Nationalsozialismus steht für den Geschichts- und Sozialwissenschaftler nach mehr als 60 Jahren nach dessen Ende immer noch im Fokus des Interesses. Die Arbeit setzt sich präzise und übersichtlich mit dieser Geschichtsepoche auseinander und vermittelt dem zeit- und kulturgeschichtlich interessierten Leser in übersichtlicher Form wichtige Daten und Fakten. Kompakte Hintergrundinformationen (Biographien, Beiträge von Zeitzeugen, Glossar) sowie ein Dokumententeil, ein umfassendes bibliographisches Verzeichnis sowie ein ausführliches Sach- und Personenregister vervollständigen diese Wissensbasis.
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