In this book, Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is approached from a strictly practical and application-oriented point of view. Based on the characteristics and constraints of modern fiber-optic components, transport systems and fibers, the text provides relevant rules of thumb and practical hints for technology selection, WDM system and link dimensioning, and also for network-related aspects such as wavelength assignment and resilience mechanisms. Actual 10/40 Gb/s WDM systems are considered, and a preview of the upcoming 100 Gb/s systems and technologies for even higher bit rates is given as well. Key features: Considers WDM from ULH backbone (big picture view) down to PON access (micro view). Includes all major telecom and datacom applications. Provides the relevant background for state-of-the-art and next-gen systems. Offers practical guidelines for system / link engineering.
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) enables multiple communication links to use a common transmission fiber by transmitting a multitude of different wavelengths at the same time. This chapter describes WDM technology, including options such as coarse and dense WDM defined by standards such as ITU-T Recommendations G.652 to G.657. The wavelength spectrum allocation for the L-, C-, S-, E-, and O-bands is discussed. Related technologies, such as time-division multiplexing and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, are also described in this context. Topics include service mapping using the generic framing procedure and virtual concatenation, technology for optical transceivers and filters, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers, fiber Bragg gratings, and array waveguides. WDM link budgets and noise sources are also discussed, including rings and other topologies, protection schemes, dispersion compensating fiber, equalization, and modulation options including extensions to 100G.
Passive optical networks (PONs) are a fiber-optic access technology that can be used for residential and business access, and also for certain backhaul applications and data communications. These applications are also referred to as FTTX, where X stands for H (Home), B (Building), C (or Curb), or Cab (Cabinet). This chapter describes PON technology, including optical access networks as defined in ITU-T Recommendations G.902, G.983, and SG15, and other standards. PON variants are described, including GPON, EPON, APON, BPON, XG-PON, and FSAN. Upstream and downstream access technologies are discussed, including TDMA and WDMA. Wavelength multiplexing technology for PONs is also discussed, and examples are given, including Verizon FiOS.
In this book, Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is approached from a strictly practical and application-oriented point of view. Based on the characteristics and constraints of modern fiber-optic components, transport systems and fibers, the text provides relevant rules of thumb and practical hints for technology selection, WDM system and link dimensioning, and also for network-related aspects such as wavelength assignment and resilience mechanisms. Actual 10/40 Gb/s WDM systems are considered, and a preview of the upcoming 100 Gb/s systems and technologies for even higher bit rates is given as well. Key features: Considers WDM from ULH backbone (big picture view) down to PON access (micro view). Includes all major telecom and datacom applications. Provides the relevant background for state-of-the-art and next-gen systems. Offers practical guidelines for system / link engineering.
Passive optical networks (PONs) are a fiber-optic access technology that can be used for residential and business access, and also for certain backhaul applications and data communications. These applications are also referred to as FTTX, where X stands for H (Home), B (Building), C (or Curb), or Cab (Cabinet). This chapter describes PON technology, including optical access networks as defined in ITU-T Recommendations G.902, G.983, and SG15, and other standards. PON variants are described, including GPON, EPON, APON, BPON, XG-PON, and FSAN. Upstream and downstream access technologies are discussed, including TDMA and WDMA. Wavelength multiplexing technology for PONs is also discussed, and examples are given, including Verizon FiOS.
International Marketing is an adaptation of a best-selling German text, which considers the global marketing arena from a new and original perspective. It focuses upon international marketing primarily as the coordination of a company's different national marketing programmes. How can for example an exchange of marketing knowledge across borders add value to a company's position in other markets? What impact does the exchange of goods and information across borders by customers have? What effect can 'going international' have on an international cost position? How can lead markets act as a guide to future developments in other countries? International Marketing takes a comprehensive look at all the underlying concepts, using a wealth of truly European examples and substantial case studies.
What is "European Angst"? Is it the extension of "German Angst" to a whole continent? The latter term is often used disparagingly to describe the German tendency to problematise, weigh up and hesitate, especially when reasons for this seem slight and insignificant. But European Angst has nothing to do with stereotypical overscrupulousness. It is a mass of powerful emotions which transcend national borders and therefore seemed a fitting title for a conference which was to address disturbing developments, including populism, extremism and Euroscepticism. /// Was ist das: European Angst? Etwa die Ausweitung der German Angst auf einen ganzen Kontinent? Mit German Angst beschreibt man im Ausland oft abschätzig das Problematisieren, Abwägen und Zögern der Deutschen, besonders dann, wenn die Gründe dafür nichtig und klein erscheinen. European Angst aber hat nichts mit stereotyper Bedenkenträgerei zu tun. Sie ist vielmehr ein Bündel starker Emotionen über viele Ländergrenzen hinweg und war deshalb ein treffender Titel für eine Konferenz, auf der über beunruhigende Entwicklungen, über Populismus, Extremismus und Europaskepsis gesprochen werden sollte.
This book presents the vocabulary of a continually evolving and fundamental technical field which is finding ever broad applications in industry. It provides special attention to the language of national and international standards and recommendations, as well as appropriate field indications.
In Ice, Klaus Dodds provides a wide-ranging exploration of the cultural, natural, and geopolitical history of this most slippery of subjects. Beyond Earth, ice has been found on other planets, moons, and meteors—and scientists even think that ice-rich asteroids played a pivotal role in bringing water to our blue home. But our outlook need not be cosmic to see ice’s importance. Here today and gone tomorrow in many parts of the temperate world, ice is a perennial feature of polar and mountainous regions, where it has long shaped human culture. But as climates change, ice caps and glaciers melt, and waters rise, more than ever this frozen force touches at the core of who we are. As Dodds reveals, ice has played a prominent role in shaping both the earth’s living communities and its geology. Throughout history, humans have had fun with it, battled over it, struggled with it, and made money from it—and every time we open our refrigerator doors, we’re reminded how ice has transformed our relationship with food. Our connection to ice has been captured in art, literature, movies, and television, as well as made manifest in sport and leisure. In our landscapes and seascapes, too, we find myriad reminders of ice’s chilly power, clues as to how our lakes, mountains, and coastlines have been indelibly shaped by the advance and retreat of ice and snow. Beautifully illustrated throughout, Ice is an informative, thought-provoking guide to a substance both cold and compelling.
The Arctic: A Very Short Introduction provides an account of the Arctic, its physical environment, and its people. The Arctic is demanding global attention as it warms, melts, and thaws in a manner that threatens not just its 4 million inhabitants, but the whole planet. The reduction of the Arctic to its changing environment would ignore the complexities of the region and its potential. This VSI explores key issues facing the region today, from geopolitics to global warming. It examines the causes and effects of cultural, physical, ecological, political, and economic change in the Arctic, and considers its uncertain future"--
Since the appearance of its first edition in Germany in 1979, A History of German Literature has established itself as a classic work used by students and anyone interested in German literature. The volume chronologically traces the development of German literature from the Middle Ages to the present day. Throughout this chronology, literary developments are set in a social and political context. This includes a final chapter, written for this latest edition, on the consequences of the reunification of Germany in 1990. Thoroughly interdiscipinary in method, the work also reflects recent developments in literary criticism and history. Highly readable and stimulating, A History of German Literature succeeds in making the literature of the past as immediate and engaging as the works of the present. It is both a scholary study and an invaluable reference work for students.
Die zweite englische Auflage dieses erfolgreichen Lehrbuches ist nun auch nach dem bewährten Konzept der „Budras-Atlanten“ durch namhafte Experten aus der Anatomie und der klinischen Medizin um die klinisch-funktionelle Anatomie erweitert. „This is a much-needed textbook-atlas that depicts bovine anatomy. It is appropriately organized such that it can easily be the single book that veterinarians refer to when an anatomic question needs to be answered about this species. It is most definitely worth the price.” JAVMA – Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Vol. for 2000 contains proceedings of the Medical Informatics Europe Congress and of the annual congress of the German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (GMDS).
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