Revised with Comprehensive Scriptural Index to Wesley's Poetry The theology of Charles Wesley is expressed primarily in hymns and sacred poems-that is, in a literary and liturgical form of art. Wesley's theological concerns, as seen through his hymns and poems, include inquiries into the meaning of the church's sacred rites, festivals, and seasons (Holy Communion, Baptism, Advent, Christmas, Easter, Ascension, Pentecost), and a host of other theological concerns, such as conversion, sanctification, perfection, holiness, grace, and love. These theological concerns are spread throughout his repertory of over 9,000 hymns and poems. There are two primary purposes of this volume: first, to prepare the reader to read Wesley's poetry, given the plethora of literary, theological, and societal influences on his thought and writing; and second, to bring together a collection of his hymns and sacred poems that are representative of his theological perspectives. Thereby the reader is given the opportunity to become better equipped to grasp the meaning of Wesley's profound lyrical theology and its implications for contemporary theology and life.
This volume of poems addresses the human effects of the coronavirus pandemic including: prolonged illnesses, death, disruption of society, families, the work force, and economy. There are the accompanying emotional effects of grief, distressed orphaned children, over-stressed hospital staffs, anxieties over the shortage of health workers, medication, and other medical needs. There are also increased incidents of suicide and numerous other emotional entanglements and physical conditions for which a country, city, village, and family are often not prepared. At times such as these, language becomes extremely important in how we communicate with one another. How we face the realism and facts of the moment is vital for the health of a person and a nation. One notes especially the importance of the language of political leaders at a time of national and global suffering. The poems also address issues the pandemic has brought into the open, such as racism, the vulnerability of the poor, and the importance of governmental leadership in a national and worldwide crisis. People of faith emphasize the importance of a faith response to our common humanity amid suffering. Among many other questions, they ask: How shall we live with the enduring problem of pandemics that require changing of attitudes and an ongoing concern for others?
In the performing arts, curtain calls transpire when performers return to the stage to be recognized by the audience for their performance. It may seem somewhat strange to speak of "nature's curtain call," but I am thinking of those amazing moments when with the passing of seasons Mother Nature presents a stunning performance, so to speak, for which we, the observers, are amazed: the appearance of spring's flowers, the budding trees of spring, snow-white winter snow, huge flocks of Canadian geese flying south, the filling of dry waterbeds with late spring's melting snow, the stunning colors of autumn's leaves, the glorious colors of desert flowers, newborn animals of diverse species, and changing climates across the earth. There are cycles of nature that enable these wonders. The poems in this book address some of the wonders of nature: the seasons, weather, flowers, creatures, and beautiful scenes of nature. In the final section, however, the question is raised as to whether these wonders will survive the devastating effects of climate change, global warming, and other threats to nature. Will humankind awaken to the need of caring for nature?
In 1736, a century into Britain's expansion in North America, Charles Wesley arrived, and departed, the American colonies. His time in Georgia, where he was a missionary of the Church of England, Colonel Oglethorpe's personal aide, and secretary of Indian Affairs, was filled with discord and difficulty. Despite being treated warmly by the Anglican clergy of Boston, he struggled as a newly ordained Anglican priest, and was enveloped by scandal when two women accused him and Oglethorpe of moral impropriety. Charles Wesley in America is the first comprehensive treatment of this period in Wesley's ministry. Kimbrough provides the first explanation of Wesley's silence following the Oglethorpe affair, and also examines his negative attitudes towards the Revolutionary War and nascent opposition to slavery. Drawing on primary sources such as Wesley's poetry and a rare letter exchange between two former slaves whom Wesley befriended in Bristol, Kimbrough gives fresh insight into this formative period and the impact it had on Wesley's later career.
George Albert Simons (1874-1952) of New York State was the first and only American missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church appointed as superintendent of the Russia Mission. He arrived in St. Petersburg in 1907 during the reign of the Tsar Nicholas II. He succeeded in registering the first Methodist congregation in St. Petersburg in 1912, based on the registration of the Methodist congregation in 1906 in Kaunas, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Imperial Empire. Simons soon mastered the Russian language, and he established numerous congregations in and around St. Petersburg and as far East as Marinsk. A tireless worker, he developed an extensive publishing program of Methodist resources: hymnals, journals, liturgies, discipline, and beliefs, etc. In 1918, after the Bolshevik Revolution, he was forced to leave Russia. In 1920, he was reassigned to the Baltic States with headquarters in Riga, Latvia, with some continuing responsibilities for the Russia Mission. In Riga, he established an institute to train clergy, continued his publishing program, and procured numerous properties for church buildings. Without the efforts of Simons, Methodism in Russia and the Baltic States would be but a shadow of what it is today. The foundation he laid helped make possible the rebirth of Methodism in these countries after the demise of Communism. He was indeed a pilgrim, who journeyed to a sacred place, Russia, to plant seed for the growth of Methodism. He had the soul of a poet as can be seen in his vast amount of poetry and hymns that bear witness to his theology and experience in Russia.
These poems resulted from the author's experience in Lithuania during the winter of 2018, when it snowed on consecutive days for two months. Through the large windows of his hotel room he watched the almost non-stop falling snow. His reflections turned to poetry writing: the changing moods of "Shovel Snow and Sing" followed by "The snow today makes a grim face" from "boot tracks now turned brown." In another poem, he writes: "I must admit I'm weather bound so far as changes go; I'm cheerful or oft brooding found when sleet has turned to snow." J. Richard Watson says, "He walks out careful not to fall, treading in the footsteps of others like the page in 'Good King Wenceslaus,' bumping his head on a tree branch, watching birds fighting for a scrap of something edible. He finds himself wondering at snowflakes in their beauty and brevity, and appreciates, too, the sparkle of sun on the rooftops, the moonlight on the cobbled streets, and the quiet that falls when snow has kept most people indoors." These poems cast a spell that takes the reader on a delightful wintry journey of snow moods, dangers, charms, and joys.
This book includes brief explanations of the primary emphases of the Christian or liturgical year as observed in Christian churches in the East and West. Following brief descriptions of the primary periods of the Christian year, poems highlight the diverse theological emphases. They punctuate the scriptural background and theological ideas with appropriate prayers. Though there are differences between the liturgical calendars of Western and Eastern Christianity, many of the emphases are in concert with one another, though dates may vary. In some Protestant churches, the primary events in the life of Christ are celebrated without strict adherence to a liturgical calendar. The poems included here emphasize how the celebration of the festivals of the Christian year address the divine mysteries that followers of Christ seek to understand through worship and study every year, and what it means to observe the Christian/liturgical year. To enhance the use of the volume by clergy and worship leaders, the final section includes at least one musical setting of a poem or text for the primary events of the Christian year.
In Radical Grace, Dr Kimbrough brings together the writings of Charles Wesley on the theme of justice for the poor and the marginalized, drawing upon his sermons, manuscript journal, poetry and a few letters. The author studies the theology of thesetexts (most of which were unpublished at the time of his death) and evaluates its viability both at the time of writing and today. Wesley's views of how Christians may 'use the grace divine' in seeking justice for the poor have radical implications,advocating behaviour that is often quite contrary to generally accepted Christian practise. This volume argues that the radical grace he espouses is consistent with Holy Scripture and should indeed be practised by Christians today. The liturgies andmusical settings of some of the hymn texts addressing the poor and marginalized provide a pragmatic means for the worshipping community to integrate the principles of radical grace into their theology and praxis.
This little book of poems reveals how the author has dealt with the grief that accompanied the death of his wife of fifty-nine years. The poems are a conversation on the journey through the grieving process, which perhaps has no end. Yes, they are permeated with a deep faith that there is more to life than merely living and dying. At the same time, they are honest responses to how painful it is to lose your life partner. Many of the poems are autobiographical: about first encounter, marriage, life and love together, and death. The actual physical occurrence of death can be readily described by physicians, but its emotional and life effect is much more illusory. Without question, these poems are simply one person's response to death and grief. They provide no decisive answers on how to respond to either, but if one's open and honest response can help others address such challenges, so be it. The goal of the author is not to provide steps for the grieving, rather through poetry to share the thoughts of the heart and mind as they grapple with death and grief. He avers that through the very difficult process of grieving, which may never completely end, love alone is the key to healing and renewal.
Is it possible to understand Christmas more meaningfully through the contrasts that it creates and we create? While some contrasts of Christmas are troubling, others are comforting. The poems in this book juxtapose some of these. There are contrasts of the past and present, contrasts within past and present time, contrasts of wealth and poverty, etc. They evoke vivid images, many of which we know well. Some are pleasant and others are disturbing. How do we deal with the reality of many of these contrasts that emphasize our failure to grasp the meaning of Christmas in such a way that we live out the message of peace and goodwill? The Advent and Christmas seasons are seasons of hope and failure. The hope of peace and goodwill inaugurated in the birth of the Christ Child is contrasted with the failure of his followers to realize the peace and goodwill of which the angels sing. How does a careful look at the contrasts of Christmas help us better understand its meaning and how its meaning can be fulfilled in us? These poems explore this question and offer some helpful and timely responses.
The poems in this volume seek to stimulate us to think about the things that we tend to push aside, questions and issues that it is easier to avoid. They also encourage us to think about those things, events, places, etc. that are sources of joy, achievement, and sorrow. Generally, they do not address the philosophy of thought but rather the results of our thinking and how we evaluate the value of our thoughts. At times, many things surface that tend to move our thinking in different directions. Each of the six sections of poems is prefaced with a question: What do you think about yourself? What do you think about time? What do you think of what you think? What do you think really matters? What do you think makes you smile? What do you think of love?
This volume is the first attempt to explore Charles Wesley's understanding of "participation in the divine nature," often described by the church fathers as deification and/or theosis, within the full spectrum of his prose and poetical compositions and in relation to many of the church fathers. While the Eastern Church has been the primary harbinger of the doctrine of deification from the patristic era to the present, Charles Wesley's theology illustrates that this emphasis is by no means absent in the West. Though patristic influences on Charles Wesley's thought are primarily through secondary sources such as the writings of Lancelot Andrewes and Richard Hooker, as well as through the influence of his brother John, this volume underscores prominent resonances with the church fathers. The extent of these resonances in Charles's theology as regards "participation in the divine nature" is so widespread in his writings that they form the matrix of his ideas of salvation, perfection, and holiness, all of which are intimately bound with life lived in and through the Eucharist. If taken seriously, Charles Wesley's ideas on "participation in the divine nature" will require a rethinking of the role of Wesleyan theology in spiritual formation and in ecumenical conversation.
Perhaps Charles Wesley's two volumes of Funeral Hymns (1746 and 1759), plus a few poems left in manuscript form, are the least known of his poetical corpus. They are a treasury, however, of his views on the importance of women in eighteenth-century England as examples of how to live the Christian life. Entries in his MS Journal indicate an extremely positive relationship with women who are his coequals in mission and in the Methodist societies, and much of the work depended on them. Furthermore, Charles wrote numerous poems about women, often occasioned by death, which lift up individual women as models for the community at large and the church. The intent of this volume is not to present a historical survey of these women or their historical place per se in the early Methodist movement, rather the primary goal is to discover a literature that helps us to see the values which women had in the early Methodist movement and how those values were acknowledged, recorded, and fostered or encouraged by Charles Wesley, particularly in his poetry. The title, May She Have a Word with You, suggests there is a need today to hear of these women's exemplary words, deeds, and lives as a whole.
Many people of faith struggle with aspects of their beliefs. These poems do not seek to propose resolutions to all faith struggles. They do seek to help one toward self-examination, to be honest about these struggles, and to know that to confront them does not mean loss of faith. The study of the biblical languages of Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic makes clear that there are not always simple solutions to many difficult linguistic problems in the Bible. Is faith our last resort when all else seems lost? What of helplessness and hopelessness? Can they open a window to faith understanding? Can we believe for the wrong reasons? What are some of the questions we should ask about the meaning of grace, forgiveness, and destiny, subjects with which many people struggle every day? How shall we understand the incarnation of Jesus, his ministry, the events of the Passion Week, and his resurrection? How shall we understand the holy days that celebrate these events and others in the life of the Jesus? And especially, what is the meaning of Holy Communion in the life of the church? And how shall we understand the church itself? If the poetry in these pages provides the opportunity for others to share in these struggles openly and honestly, then the words will have been wisely spent.
The Jewish/Palestinian conflict in the Middle East goes on and on without resolution, and in the course of the tactics of delay thousands of people have suffered and died. Those who have suffered the most have been women and children, and at times entire villages have been destroyed. Adherents of both sides of the conflict cry ""foul"" and accuse their opponents of injustice and intransigence. An Israeli bus and its passengers are blown up by a suicide bomber, a Palestinian village is bombed in response. Land owned by a Palestinian farmer is confiscated in order to build a Jewish settlement. While politicians jockey back and forth over who is right and wrong and over what is right and wrong, children die from dastardly injuries and malnutrition, and people are unjustly imprisoned. One wonders where is the cry for human dignity? Where is the cry for compassion and humane behavior? The plea of these poems is that the adherents of the three Abrahamic faiths of the Middle East--Jews, Christians, and Muslims--in the midst of conflicts that have precipitated the persecution, starvation, and death of thousands, particularly children, acknowledge their common humanity and work together for peace and harmony. ""Kimbrough's poetic articulation of the heart-rending dislocations and victimizations of a people shows that where prose fails, poetry's aesthetics, rhythm, and symbolism succeed magnificently. It invokes in us rage and powerlessness, demanding a dynamic ethical response and a vigorous prophetic and critical mind. S T's poems reflect his training in Hebrew scriptures, with its prophetic, ethical, and wisdom materials, and he composes these poems as if they were a libretto to be sung, a reminder of his other vocation as an operatic baritone."" --Charles Amjad-Ali, Martin Luther King, Jr., Professor of Justice and Christian Community and Director of Islamic Studies Program, Emeritus, Luther Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota ""I highly recommend this collection of transformative poems. They are powerful and touch our hearts and minds."" --Mazin Qumsiyeh, Professor and Director, Palestine Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability, Bethlehem University, Occupied Palestine S T Kimbrough, Jr., holds a PhD from Princeton Theological Seminary and is currently a research fellow of the Center for Studies in the Wesleyan Tradition at Duke Divinity School, Durham, North Carolina. He is author of the following books by Wipf and Stock: The Lyrical Theology of Charles Wesley (2011), Radical Grace: Justice for the Poor and Marginalized (2013), Partakers of the Life Divine: Participation in the Divine Nature in the Writings of Charles Wesley (2016), and has published poetry in the journal Theology Today.
In his hymns and poems, Charles Wesley takes all who sing and read on an inward journey, asking soul-searching questions which are as up-to-date now as they were in the eighteenth century. They reflect his quest for identity as a human being, clergyman, and follower of Jesus Christ. His questions about God, Jesus, faith, others, self, the world, and daily living are still today's questions. This book is not an exhaustive study of such questions in the context of Wesleyan history, theology, or hymnody. It is an attempt to look afresh at questions we are asking to which Charles Wesley often responded in familiar and unfamiliar hymns and poems.
What if many desirable things in nature were no longer there?--clean air, freshly grown vegetables, wildflowers, a waterfall, a green forest, spring rains, colors of flowers, a willow tree, fresh trout from a stream, autumn leaves, sunrise, sunset, mineral-rich farmland, etc. What if in a few years global warming and its devasting effects so damaged the earth, its atmosphere, and its resources, that many of these things were no longer possible? These poems address openly both the sorrows we face with forces that destroy nature and the things we celebrate in nature that provide much of humankind's joy and sustenance. Some may ask appropriately, "What difference can a poet's words make in correcting the paths of nature's destruction down which humankind is traveling?" Certainly, words alone cannot save nature. Perhaps poetry can help to shape a new understanding of human failure, as well as to shape new visions of hope for the nature we know and are ever discovering.
Most children at some point think about what they will be when they grow up. Will they be a teacher, an athlete, a writer, an actor, a policeman, a dancer, a fireman, a priest, etc.? This is an imaginary story about the daily lives of Leo and Lou, brother and sister field mice, and their family. In playing together Leo and Lou suggest occupations and professions they imagine for themselves: a nurse, a cowboy, a pilot, a ballerina, an author, etc. As mama and papa learn of their interests, the mama reminds them of the saying: "Be what you want to be.
A poem shapes words in such a way that they say something about something. Poets put their words together in many different ways from culture to culture. The choice of words, rhyme, free verse, etc., and many other aspects of composition comprise the poet’s art of rhetoric. It is not the purpose here to pursue an extensive discussion of the characteristics of poetic rhetoric, but rather to emphasize that poetry possesses many characteristics through which it conveys meaning. Therefore, the choice of words is an essential aspect of creating the effectiveness of poetry. There are five sections: (1) “What Do You Have to Say?”; (2) “What Do You Have to Say about Knowledge?”; (3) “What Do You Have to Say about Truth?”; (4) “What Do You Have to Say about Caring?”; (5) “What Do You Have to Say about Social Issues?” The poems of each section explore the role and effect of our words and verbalization in addressing each subject. The poems themselves do not solve problems but are a call to alarm, that what we have to say greatly impacts the choices that we make personally and that communities make corporately. They beckon us to think carefully about what we have to say about anything, especially the gravest and most significant concerns of life.
The poems in this collection ask—How can we become just people? What is human justice? Is there a justice that is equal and/or appropriate for all human beings? How can an individual in action, speech, and behavior be just? How does one think of oneself as just in interaction with others? These poems also address prevalent injustices to children and of society’s frequent denial of its responsibility to them, the privileged and the underprivileged. Further, how do we wish to live in a society—isolated, completely independent, self-centered? Living in a society implies association with others. How do we wish to relate to others? The poems query: how will the governments under which we live initiate and execute just rule and governance for all citizens? The book concludes with a lyrical case study of apartheid, especially in Israel that claims to be a democracy. Some of the poems acknowledge that the US’s democracy has failed in many ways and has an ongoing need of recovering the principles of justice and equality. Americans know well the meaning of ethnic cleansing in their own land. The poems here make no claim at successful resolutions to the issues raised. They do point to the ongoing need of repentance for wrongs done, and for steering a steady course to guarantee the rights of freedom and justice for all people.
Business Analytics for Decision Making, the first complete text suitable for use in introductory Business Analytics courses, establishes a national syllabus for an emerging first course at an MBA or upper undergraduate level. This timely text is mainly about model analytics, particularly analytics for constrained optimization. It uses implementations that allow students to explore models and data for the sake of discovery, understanding, and decision making. Business analytics is about using data and models to solve various kinds of decision problems. There are three aspects for those who want to make the most of their analytics: encoding, solution design, and post-solution analysis. This textbook addresses all three. Emphasizing the use of constrained optimization models for decision making, the book concentrates on post-solution analysis of models. The text focuses on computationally challenging problems that commonly arise in business environments. Unique among business analytics texts, it emphasizes using heuristics for solving difficult optimization problems important in business practice by making best use of methods from Computer Science and Operations Research. Furthermore, case studies and examples illustrate the real-world applications of these methods. The authors supply examples in Excel®, GAMS, MATLAB®, and OPL. The metaheuristics code is also made available at the book's website in a documented library of Python modules, along with data and material for homework exercises. From the beginning, the authors emphasize analytics and de-emphasize representation and encoding so students will have plenty to sink their teeth into regardless of their computer programming experience.
Classroom Dilemmas: Solutions for Everyday Problems presents thirty-six situations taken from real-life, in which teachers and/or administrators have had to make difficult decisions, often relating to school policy, dealing with what is believed best for the student(s), teachers, and others in the particular educational situation. The pros and cons of each decision is discussed, and finally the actual resolution of the real life dilemma is given—whether it turned out to be the best resolution or not. All of the dilemmas presented are common to anyone in the educational field, and all are designed to assist in determining questions to be asked and paths to be followed in arriving at the best resolution to common but difficult problems. Some additional key features of this book include: Presents educational dilemmas from real life Sets forth the problem The dilemma is presented: which decision is best Pros and cons of each possible decision is presented Actual real-life resolution is revealed Asks educators what their decisions would have been
Do you ever feel hopeless or in despair? Have you ever questioned your calling? Do you ever feel like giving up and throwing in the towel? Do you wonder how you’re going to make it through? Allow this book to witness to you and all generations about how I have prevailed through much adversity and am yet lifting the Name of Jesus. My prayer is that this book encourages you as we walk together through my Spiritual Journey. The Most High God was behind me, beside me, before me but in many instances, He was carrying me. There were many days that I didn’t know how I would make it but I am honored and thankful that He has brought me through over and over again. Even after many missteps, the Lord has picked me up, restored me, forgiven me, saved me and filled me with the Gift of the Holy Spirit. He is the immutable God—He changes not. If He did it for me, He can and will do it for you. “Coming up on the Rough Side of the Mountain” But thank God “My soul has been anchored in the Lord!” It is my prayer and heart’s desire that you are blessed and draw spiritual strength through “My Spiritual Journey!” Casting all your care upon Him, for He cares for you. (1Pe 5:7)
Black Greek 101 analyzes the customs, culture, and challenges facing historically Black fraternal organizations. The text provides a history of Black Greek organizations beyond the nine major organizations, examining the pledging practice, the growth of fraternalism outside of the mainstream organizations, the vivid culture and practices of the groups, and challenges for the future.
The theological concerns of Charles Wesley are expressed primarily through his repertory of over 9,000 hymns and sacred poems. They include inquiries into the meaning of the Church's sacred rites, festivals, and seasons (e.g., Holy Communion, Baptism, Advent, Christmas, Easter, Ascension, Pentecost) and a host of other concerns, such as conversion, sanctification, perfection, holiness, grace, and love. This volume prepares the reader to read Wesley's poetry, showing the plethora of literary, theological,and societal influences on his thought and writing; and brings together a collection of hymns and sacred poems that are representative of his theological perspectives. The reader is given the opportunity to become better equipped to grasp the meaning of Wesley's profound lyrical theology and its implications for contemporary theology and life.
Jackson celebrates the history of Mississippis capital city with more than 200 photographs from the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the National Archives, and university collections. From its start as a settlement on LeFleurs Bluff overlooking the Pearl River to its present-day position as one of the leading cities of the New South, Jacksons history is one of change, colorful characters, and a uniquely Southern atmosphere. Beginning with a tour of one of the citys oldest and best-known streets, Jackson features the work of outstanding local photographers and combines detailed historical narratives with entertaining stories about ordinary Jacksonians. From the club president who saved a magnolia tree by staging a protest in its branches to the photographer who opened his first studio in a tent, this compelling visual history revisits familiar landmarks and people from Jacksons past.
Core vocabulary is explicitly presented, practiced, and applied, so beginners can start communicating immediately. A logical, carefully structured grammar syllabus provides a firm foundation for communicative exchanges. Task-based pair and small-group activities give maximum practice and ample opportunities for personalization. Realistic, task-based speaking, listening, reading and writing activities reinforce grammar and vocabulary. High-interest, cross-cultural topics provide a context for meaningful language learning. Conversation management strategies in each unit give students the tools they need to handle real-life English. Strategy Session review units present and practice important learning strategies that help students 'learn how to learn'.
This book is about a man named Nick, who is the ideal man. He's tall, dark, and deadly. When it comes to relationships, he doesn't ask for much. Just that she be truthful, loyal, and that her name be Valerie. He feels these are the only things necessary to have a love that is solid. Ladies, with every page, you'll start to question your own relationship. Is he the perfect man or is he deranged?
On the edge of adulthood, idealistic Kara Jagger has high hopes for a year-long high school exchange in the land of “Aus,” where she seeks personal growth and adventure on an island over eight thousand miles from home. Everything she wants comes easily to Kara until she arrives in Tasmania, where she feels stuck in a situation that draws her down. Her exchange program assigns a counselor, Ben, to help her get back on track, but her emotions and misadventures only become more tangled as their romantic attraction ignites.Set in mid-eighties Australia, Van Diemen at 17 is a novel about dealing with the unexpected, moving forward, and bittersweet love.
Equality or Discrimination? strives to close the gap in existing literature and address the often-neglected field of research on the discrimination of African Americans in the U.S. Armed Forces during the Vietnam War. Despite the awakened interest of academics, authors, artists, and experts from a multitude of fields and the vast selection of literature on the Vietnam War and its veterans, African Americans have received little attention until now. Based on initial findings, Dr. Kimbrough analyzes key issues including whether or not African Americans experienced racial discrimination while serving. The study also focuses on whether the Vietnam War was indeed the first fully integrated conflict in which the U.S. attempted to engage in militarily without racial division. The findings contradict the traditional image of equality in the U.S. Armed Forces and provide the basis for the dissertation. Proving that soldiers in the Vietnam War were NOT treated equally, Dr. Kimbrough argues that African Americans experienced various forms of discrimination during a tumultuous time in U.S. history in which the opposite treatment of its soldiers was required.
Man is threatened only by fellow man. Great is that threat because man, throughout history, has fought fellow man. All impactful nations of our world fight other nations and must spend enormously because they must be ready to fight. It seems that we cannot outgrow fighting. This book imagines a world in which man does not engage in war. Animals are surrogates, and only animals engage in fighting to the death. Such practice is beneath civilized man, but he is not totally removed. Humans are obsessed with watching animals fight to the death. The animals do not mind. What happens when kids try it? Once the passion for fierce fighting enters the blood, can humans resist the urge to engage in war? Yes, they are superior to animals, but can humans refrain from doing the thing they believed they were too smart to ever do?
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