This book introduces several state-of-the-art VLSI implementations of artificial neural networks (ANNs). It reviews various hardware approaches to ANN implementations: analog, digital and pulse-coded. The analog approach is emphasized as the main one taken in the later chapters of the book. The area of VLSI implementation of ANNs has been progressing for the last 15 years, but not at the fast pace originally predicted. Several reasons have contributed to the slow progress, with the main one being that VLSI implementation of ANNs is an interdisciplinaly area where only a few researchers, academics and graduate students are willing to venture. The work of Professors Fakhraie and Smith, presented in this book, is a welcome addition to the state-of-the-art and will greatly benefit researchers and students working in this area. Of particular value is the use of experimental results to backup extensive simulations and in-depth modeling. The introduction of a synapse-MOS device is novel. The book applies the concept to a number of applications and guides the reader through more possible applications for future work. I am confident that the book will benefit a potentially wide readership. M. I. Elmasry University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario Canada Preface Neural Networks (NNs), generally defined as parallel networks that employ a large number of simple processing elements to perform computation in a distributed fashion, have attracted a lot of attention in the past fifty years. As the result. many new discoveries have been made.
Feedback-Based Orthogonal Digital Filters: Theory, Applications, and Implementation develops the theory of a feedback-based orthogonal digital filter and examines several applications where the filter topology leads to a simple and efficient solution. The development of the filter structure is linked to concepts in observer theory. Several signal processing problems can be represented as estimation problems, where a parametric representation of the input is used, to try and replicate it locally. This estimation problem can be solved using an identity observer, and the filter topology falls in this framework. Hence the filter topology represents a universal building block that can find application in several problems, such as spectral estimation, time-recursive computation of transforms, etc. Further, because of the orthogonality constraints satisfied by the structure, it also represents a robust solution under finite precision conditions. The book also presents the observer-based viewpoint of several signal processing problems, and shows that problems that are typically treated independently in the literature are in fact linked and can be cast in a single unified framework. In addition to examining the theoretical issues, the book describes practical issues related to a hardware implementation of the building block, in both the digital and analog domain. On the digital side, issues relating to implementation using semi-custom chips (FPGA's), and ASIC design are examined. On the analog side, the design and testing of a fabricated chip, that functions as a multi-sinusoidal phase-locked-loop, are described. Feedback-Based Orthogonal Digital Filters serves as an excellent reference. May be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.
A clear and comprehensive introduction to the field of evolutionary computation that takes an integrated approach. Evolutionary computation, the use of evolutionary systems as computational processes for solving complex problems, is a tool used by computer scientists and engineers who want to harness the power of evolution to build useful new artifacts, by biologists interested in developing and testing better models of natural evolutionary systems, and by artificial life scientists for designing and implementing new artificial evolutionary worlds. In this clear and comprehensive introduction to the field, Kenneth De Jong presents an integrated view of the state of the art in evolutionary computation. Although other books have described such particular areas of the field as genetic algorithms, genetic programming, evolution strategies, and evolutionary programming, Evolutionary Computation is noteworthy for considering these systems as specific instances of a more general class of evolutionary algorithms. This useful overview of a fragmented field is suitable for classroom use or as a reference for computer scientists and engineers.
Advances in the state of the art mean the signal processing ICs of ever-increasing complexity are being introduced. While the typical portion of a large IC devoted to analog circuits has diminished, the performance of those surviving analog signal processing circuits remains vital and their design challenging. Moreover, the emerging high-definition TV technology has created a new area for IC development, one with formidable signal processing requirements. The antialiasing filters needed for one proposed HDTV decoder motivated the research documented in this book. Sharply selective filters place tight constraints on the permitted excess phase shifts of their constituent circuits. Combined with stringent requirements for low distortion at video frequencies, these constraints challenge the IC filter designer. Integrated Video-Frequency Continuous-Time Filters: High-Performance Realizations in BiCMOS deals with what is arguably the mainstay of analog signal processing circuits. Prominent applications in computer disk-drive read channels, video receivers, rf circuits, and antialiasing and reconstruction in data converters testifies to their importance. Moreover, they are excellent benchmarks for more general analog signal processors. Bipolar and MOSFET transistors, freely combined at the lowest circuit levels, provide the designer with an opportunity to develop potent variations on the standard idioms. The book considers the general principles of BiCMOS circuit design, through to a demanding design problem. This case-study approach allows a concrete discussion of the justification for and practical trade-offs of each design decision. Audience: A reference work for experienced IC designers and a text for advanced IC design students.
The book provides a comprehensive treatment of statistical inference using permutation techniques. It features a variety of useful and powerful data analytic tools that rely on very few distributional assumptions. Although many of these procedures have appeared in journal articles, they are not readily available to practitioners.
Alzheimer disease (AD) has become the most common form of dementia in industrialized countries and represents an increasing burden at the economic, social and medical level. In discussing both the biological aspects of AD as well as the cognitive functions involved, Alzheimer Disease - Neuropsychology and Pharmacology presents a comprehensive picture of the pathology and approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Basic research including animal models, molecular and genetic aspects is also taken into consideration. In part I, the biological correlates of AD are discussed. In part II the neuropsychological aspects such as cognitive impairment, loss of functional autonomy and emergence of neuropsychiatric disturbances of AD are outlined. In part III, strategies for effective treatment and prevention of AD are discussed. This book will be a useful source of information for clinicians as well as researchers in the area of neuropharmacology.
Why some Americans built fallout shelters—an exploration America's Cold War experience For the half-century duration of the Cold War, the fallout shelter was a curiously American preoccupation. Triggered in 1961 by a hawkish speech by John F. Kennedy, the fallout shelter controversy—"to dig or not to dig," as Business Week put it at the time—forced many Americans to grapple with deeply disturbing dilemmas that went to the very heart of their self-image about what it meant to be an American, an upstanding citizen, and a moral human being. Given the much-touted nuclear threat throughout the 1960s and the fact that 4 out of 5 Americans expressed a preference for nuclear war over living under communism, what's perhaps most striking is how few American actually built backyard shelters. Tracing the ways in which the fallout shelter became an icon of popular culture, Kenneth D. Rose also investigates the troubling issues the shelters raised: Would a post-war world even be worth living in? Would shelter construction send the Soviets a message of national resolve, or rather encourage political and military leaders to think in terms of a "winnable" war? Investigating the role of schools, television, government bureaucracies, civil defense, and literature, and rich in fascinating detail—including a detailed tour of the vast fallout shelter in Greenbriar, Virginia, built to harbor the entire United States Congress in the event of nuclear armageddon—One Nation, Underground goes to the very heart of America's Cold War experience.
Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers covers many aspects of the design of integrated circuits for fiber-optic receivers and other high-speed serial data links. Fundamental concepts are explained at the system level, circuit level, and semiconductor device level. Techniques for extracting timing information from the random data stream are described in considerable detail, as are all other aspects of receiver design. Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers is organized in two parts. Part I covers the theory of communications systems as it applies to high-speed PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) systems. The primary emphasis is on clock recovery circuits. Because theoretical concepts are generally grasped more easily by example, Part II is devoted to circuit design issues that illustrate example realizations of architectures described in Part I. Part II presents the transistor-level design, and measured results, of fundamental building blocks and test circuits. For practicing engineers, more than just reporting on the results of specific circuits, this book serves as a tutorial on the design of integrated high-speed broadband PAM data systems, such as: repeaters in long-haul, fiber-optic, trunk-lines transceivers for use in LANs and WANs; read channels for high-density data storage devices; and wireless communication handsets. Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers may be used as a text for advanced courses in both analog circuit design and communication systems.
In 1861, Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon marched through the divided slave state Missouri en route to St. Louis. Lyon was to arrest a state militia unit at Camp Jackson that planned to raid a federal arsenal in the city. Upon capturing the men, Lyon's troops encountered crowds of hostile citizens and, after a gun shot, they fired on the mob, killing at least 28 civilians in what is now known as the Camp Jackson affair, or the St. Louis massacre. In this book, the author describes partisan activities leading to hostilities, promotes awareness about the history of slavery in America, and explores political divisions still evident in American culture. Previously unpublished materials about Governor Claiborne Jackson are included, as well as the role of Montgomery Blair in the fight for Missouri, an analysis of the number of arms in the St. Louis Arsenal and the unknown total number of casualties of the St. Louis massacre.
This volume provides a state of the art review of current thinking on the full range of trade policy issues, addressing the economic and political dimensions of international trade policy. The volume contains a systematic examination of: - specific trade policy instruments (such as tariffs, non-tariff barriers and trade rules) - sectoral concerns (in agriculture, manufacturing and services) - trade linkages (to issues such as the environment and labour standards) - systemic considerations (what role for the WTO?) The organising theme of the volume is that open markets for trade and investment yield large potential gains in human welfare as long as trade policy is conducted as an integral part of broader domestic economic management and regulatory reform, and as long as the particular challenges facing developing countries are effectively addressed. This 'case' is presented on the basis of rigorous analysis of first principles and of empirical experience among key trading nations. An integrated set of original and comprehensive perspectives from a diverse group of experts, linked by a common organisational thread. The contributing authors create an ideal mix of internationally recognised experts together with younger specialists making their mark in trade policy analysis; academics as well as trade policy practitioners; and representatives of both developed and developing countries.
In the tradition of G. G. Simpson's classic work, Kenneth D. Rose's The Beginning of the Age of Mammals analyzes the events that occurred directly before and after the mysterious K-T boundary which so quickly thrust mammals from obscurity to planetary dominance. Rose surveys the evolution of mammals, beginning with their origin from cynodont therapsids in the Mesozoic, contemporary with dinosaurs, through the early Cenozoic, with emphasis on the Paleocene and Eocene adaptive radiations of therian mammals. Focusing on the fossil record, he presents the anatomical evidence used to interpret behavior and phylogenetic relationships. The life's work of one of the most knowledgeable researchers in the field, this richly illustrated, magisterial book combines sound scientific principles and meticulous research and belongs on the shelf of every paleontologist and mammalogist.
Delivering IT projects on time and within budget while maintaining privacy, security, and accountability is one of the major public challenges of our time. The Handbook of Public Information Systems, Second Edition addresses all aspects of public IT projects while emphasizing a common theme: technology is too important to leave to the technocrats.
First Americans provides a comprehensive history of Native Americans from their earliest appearance in North America to the present, highlighting the complexity and diversity of their cultures and their experiences. Native voices permeate the text and shape its narrative, underlining the agency and vitality of Native peoples and cultures in the context of regional, continental, and global developments. This updated edition of First Americans continues to trace Native experiences through the Obama administration years and up to the present day. The book includes a variety of pedagogical tools including short biographical profiles, key review questions, a rich series of maps and illustrations, chapter chronologies, and recommendations for further reading. Lucid and readable yet rigorous in its coverage, First Americans remains the indispensable student introduction to Native American history.
Stick ball, stoop sitting, pickle barrel colloquys: The neighborhood occupies a warm place in our cultural memory—a place that Kenneth A. Scherzer contends may have more to do with ideology and nostalgia than with historical accuracy. In this remarkably detailed analysis of neighborhood life in New York City between 1830 and 1875, Scherzer gives the neighborhood its due as a complex, richly textured social phenomenon and helps to clarify its role in the evolution of cities. After a critical examination of recent historical renderings of neighborhood life, Scherzer focuses on the ecological, symbolic, and social aspects of nineteenth-century community life in New York City. Employing a wide array of sources, from census reports and church records to police blotters and brothel guides, he documents the complex composition of neighborhoods that defy simple categorization by class or ethnicity. From his account, the New York City neighborhood emerges as a community in flux, born out of the chaos of May Day, the traditional moving day. The fluid geography and heterogeneity of these neighborhoods kept most city residents from developing strong local attachments. Scherzer shows how such weak spatial consciousness, along with the fast pace of residential change, diminished the community function of the neighborhood. New Yorkers, he suggests, relied instead upon the "unbounded community," a collection of friends and social relations that extended throughout the city. With pointed argument and weighty evidence, The Unbounded Community replaces the neighborhood of nostalgia with a broader, multifaceted conception of community life. Depicting the neighborhood in its full scope and diversity, the book will enhance future forays into urban history.
Having been born and raised on the Missouri River at Atchison, Kansas, and having the ghosts of the Civil War about me constantly, I have been passionately interested in the Civil War as long as I can remember. The Victorian and antebellum homes with servant quarters still behind them, the wooded bluffs and caves where escaped slaves were hidden, and the mystique of the Missouri River area itself have maintained this feeling of the war for me. My mothers immediate family was from the Missouri River bottoms on the Missouri side and my fathers immediate family was from rural Atchison on the Kansas side. From my incomplete and somewhat misinformed family and formal history education, I assumed for most of my life that my mothers family was Confederate in its leanings and that my fathers family was Union. I was unaware that the town and countys namesake, Sen. David Rice Atchison, was from Missouri and had much Pro-Slavery activity. No effort has ever been made to change the towns name since the war. No Confederate tie to him was taught in any of my classes in school.
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