Within the contexts of the global warming crisis facing the world, climate change mitigation strategies must be developed with a deep understanding of the science behind the impact of climate change and adaptations that must be made. This book discusses the mitigation strategy of climate change from the perspective of Japan and adopts a comprehensive view on climate change science, taking into consideration the recent international discussions on the subject, including those of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Furthermore, this book discusses energy and environment strategies in Japan, particularly after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power accident, underpinning Japan's historical lack of natural resource and the resulting difficulties it faces in keeping up with the demand for energy. Finally, this book provides the quantitative model to assess scenarios for climate mitigation and their associated costs and economic impacts for the formulation of a national strategy for an effective and sustainable set of climate change mitigation measures.
Within the contexts of the global warming crisis facing the world, climate change mitigation strategies must be developed with a deep understanding of the science behind the impact of climate change and adaptations that must be made. This book discusses the mitigation strategy of climate change from the perspective of Japan and adopts a comprehensive view on climate change science, taking into consideration the recent international discussions on the subject, including those of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Furthermore, this book discusses energy and environment strategies in Japan, particularly after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power accident, underpinning Japan's historical lack of natural resource and the resulting difficulties it faces in keeping up with the demand for energy. Finally, this book provides the quantitative model to assess scenarios for climate mitigation and their associated costs and economic impacts for the formulation of a national strategy for an effective and sustainable set of climate change mitigation measures.
Updating its bestselling predecessor, Ferroelectric Devices, Second Edition assesses the last decade of developments—and setbacks—in the commercialization of ferroelectricity. Field pioneer and esteemed author Uchino provides insight into why this relatively nascent and interdisciplinary process has failed so far without a systematic accumulation of fundamental knowledge regarding materials and device development. Filling the informational void, this collection of information reviews state-of-the-art research and development trends reflecting nano and optical technologies, environmental regulation, and alternative energy sources. Like the first edition, which became a standard in the field, this volume provides a general introduction to ferroelectrics with theoretical background. It then addresses practical design and device manufacturing, including recently developed processes and applications. Updating old data with a forecast of future developments, the text analyzes improvements to original ferroelectric devices to aid the design process of new ones. The second edition includes new sections on: Pb-free piezoelectrics Size effect on ferroelectricity Electrocaloric devices Micro mass sensor Piezoelectric energy harvesting Light valves and scanners Multi-ferroic devices, including magneto-electric sensors Uchino provides a general introduction to the theoretical background of ferroelectric devices, practical materials, device designs, drive/control techniques, and typical applications. He presents frequently asked questions from students, lab demonstrations for practical understanding, and "check point" quizzes and model solutions to monitor understanding. After a thorough exploration of ferroelectric devices and their past, this book looks to the industry’s future, assessing market size and remaining reliability/lifetime issues. The author also unveils his strategy for developing "best-selling" ferroelectric devices.
After Uchino’s introduction of a new terminology, ‘Micromechatronics’ in 1979 for describing the application area of ‘piezoelectric actuators’, the rapid advances in semiconductor chip technology have led to a new terminology MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical-system) or even NEMS (nano-electro-mechanicalsystem) to describe mainly thin film sensor/actuator devices, a narrower area of micromechatronics coverage. New technologies, product developments and commercialization are providing the necessity of this major revision. In particular, the progresses in high power transducers, loss mechanisms in smart materials, energy harvesting and computer simulations are significant. New technologies, product developments and commercialization are providing the updating requirement for the book contents, in parallel to the deletion of old contents. Various educational/instructional example problems have been accumulated, which were integrated in the new edition in order to facilitate the self-learning for the students, and the quiz/problem creation for the instructors. Heavily revised topics from the previous edition include: high power transducers, loss mechanisms in smart materials, energy harvesting and computer simulations New technologies, product developments and commercialization helped shape the updated contents of this book where all chapters have been updated and revised. This textbook is intended for graduate students and industrial engineers studying or working in the fields of electronic materials, control system engineering, optical communications, precision machinery, and robotics. The text is designed primarily for a graduate course with the equivalent of thirty 75-minute lectures; however, it is also suitable for self-study by individuals wishing to extend their knowledge in the field.
This book provides perspectives on depopulated areas and regional social capital from positivistic field surveys. Among the developed countries of the world, Japan has a very small amount of national land, with almost 70% of it being in mountainous locations. Concentration of populations and economic capital into large metropolitan areas along with many depopulated and population-aged regions in the mountainous parts can be seen in the country. A very clear regional disparity has arisen in Japan, especially since the era of its high economic growth. This book also offers critical suggestions for the shrinking societies of the developed world in the era of Society 5.0, the fifth stage of society where economic development is achieved and social issues are resolved by the fusion of cyber and physical space. To begin, the book refers to an outline of depopulation and depopulated areas in Japan. Then, it deals with issues of depopulation, out-migration from a mountainous village, revitalization of local industries, and maintenance of daily living functions in these areas. This book is suitable for students and scholars of the social sciences, regional planners, staffs of government offices, members of NPOs, general citizens, and the many other people who are interested in sustainability of a region and a community in a shrinking social environment.
Remarkable developments have taken place in the field of mechatronics in recent years. As symbolized by the "Janglish (Japanese English)" word, mechatronics, the technology and the social adaptation for introducing electronics into mechanics has been readily accepted in Japan. Currently robots are producing many products under computer control in Japanese factories, and supermarkets are utilizing automation systems for sample displays and sales. Further, the fast paced change in semiconductor chip technology has given rise to the need for micro-displacement positioning techniques. Actuators utilizing piezoelectridelectrostrictive effects are expected to meet these needs in mechanical components in the next micro mechatronic age. This book, in English, builds on my earlier publications concerned with ceramic actuators. The first edition titled "Essentials for Development and Applications of Piezoelectric Actuators" was published in 1984 through the Japan Industrial Technology Center. The second edition "PiezoelectriclElectrostrictive Actuators" published in Japanese through Morikita Pub. Co. (Tokyo) became one of the best sellers in that company in 1986, and was then translated into Korean. The problem solving edition "Piezoelectric Actuators -Problem Solving" was also published through Morikita, which was sold in conjunction with a 60 minute video tape to provide easy understanding.
As one of the pioneers of "Piezoelectric Actuators", I have contributed to the commercialization of various products for over 45 years, including million-selling devices, micro-ultrasonic motors for smart-phone camera modules by Samsung Electromechanics, piezoelectric transformers for backlight inverters by Apple laptops, multilayer PZT actuators for diesel injection valves by Denso Corporation, and piezoelectric energy harvesting modules for Programable Air-Burst Munition by the US Army. During the development period for "piezoelectric actuators and transformers," I found that the bottleneck for device miniaturization was heat generation under a high-power drive condition. Thus, in parallel to the piezo-actuator developments, I have been developing various high-power density piezo-ceramic materials with the loss mechanism clarification. Hence, I considered that it was time to organize a textbook based on the previous studies, including my materials development philosophy to stimulate younger generations to reach to the energy density of up to 100 W/cm3 in the future. Increasing efficiency and saving energy and space (compactness) are one of the important approaches in this 21st-century "sustainable society." High-Power Piezoelectrics and Loss Mechanisims introduces the theoretical background of piezoelectrics, electromechanical phenomenology, loss mechanisms, practical materials, device designs, drive and characterization techniques, and typical applications, and looks forward to the future perspectives in this field. This book is NOT an overall review of this area, but it focuses on important and basic ideas under my development philosophy to understand how to design and develop high-power piezoelectric materials and devices. This textbook is designed for self-learning by the reader aided by the availability of: • Chapter Essentials – Summary for quick memory recovery • Check Points – Answers are provided in the Appendix • Example Problems – To enhance the reader’s understanding with full, detailed solutions • Chapter Problems – For the final exam or further consideration
This invaluable volume set of Advances in Geosciences continues the excellent tradition of the Asia-Oceania scientific community in providing the most up-to-date research results on a wide range of geosciences and environmental science. The information is vital to the understanding of the effects of climate change, extreme weathers on the most populated regions and fastest moving economies in the world. Besides, these volumes also highlight original papers from many prestigious research institutions which are conducting cutting edge studies in atmospheric physics, hydrological science and water resource, ocean science and coastal study, planetary exploration and solar system science, seismology, tsunamis, upper atmospheric physics and space science.
Many small molecules occur naturally as "messenger" chemicals which regulate the behaviour and functions of microbes, plants, insects and animals. Examples include hormones, pheromones, phytoalexins, and antifeedants. These biofunctional molecules are of great interest to researchers in helping develop our understanding of biological function and in the development of new drugs. However extracting them from nature can be prohibitively expensive, so there is great interest in devising methods of synthesising them from simple starting materials in the laboratory. Chemical Synthesis of Hormones, Pheromones and Other Bioregulators is an introduction to the techniques and strategies for the synthesis of biofunctional small molecules. Topics include: what are biofunctional molecules? why must biofunctional molecules be synthesized? how can we synthesize biofunctional molecules? the synthesis of phytohormones, phytoalexins and other biofunctional molecules of plant origin the synthesis of insect juvenile hormones and antifeedants the synthesis of pheromones and the significance of chirality in pheromone science the synthesis of microbial hormones and pheromones, antibiotics, and other biofunctional molecules of microbial origin the synthesis of marine antifeedants and medicinal candidates a synthetic examination of incorrectly proposed structures of biomolecules reflections on science as a human endeavor Drawing on a career of almost 50 years researching and teaching this subject, Kenji Mori's Chemical Synthesis of Hormones, Pheromones and Other Bioregulators is a must-have textbook for students and researchers of organic synthesis and natural products, and a stimulating and inspiring account of a distinguished chemical career.
The replacement of hydrogen with fluorine in organic molecules canprofoundly influence their chemical and physical properties,leading to a range of compounds with highly desirable properties.These molecules are of interest across the wide spectrum ofindustrial and academic organic chemistry, so that organofluorinechemistry is economically highly important. Organofluorine Chemistry will help chemists to develop a systematicknowledge of the chemistry of fluorine with a view towards itsapplication in the design of new reactions and syntheses, and thecreation of novel fluorinated molecules and materials. With initialchapters focusing on why fluorine creates such unique properties inorganic compounds, the book then covers general reactions offluorine. Coverage is chosen from the recent research literature,concentrating on the development of novel bioactive compounds andcatalytic ligands, and explaining, in the context of the initialchapters, how and why fluorine is so effective. With a finalchapter covering the general synthetic chemistry of organofluorinecompounds, the book is a cohesive summary of the fundamentalprincipals of organofluorine chemistry.
Elementary Processes in Excitations and Reactions on Solid Surfaces explores the fundamental nature of dynamics on solid surfaces. Attempts are made to reveal various aspects of elementary processes in excitations and reactions on solid surfaces by recent theoretical and experimental developments of the subjects such as molecular beams interacting with surfaces, ion beam scattering, laser-induced dynamical processes, electronically induced dynamical processes, and optical properties of solid surfaces. This volume is devided into three parts. Part I is concerned mainly with the rich reaction dynamics on potential-energy surfaces. Part II is devoted to the interplay of excitations and reactions with particular attention given to the charge transfer as well as the energy transfer between well-characterized surfaces and beams. In Part III, new and rapidly developing methods are introduced.
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