This book is a collection of selected papers on the Frontier Orbital Theory by Nobel prizewinner Kenichi Fukui (Chemistry 1981), with introductory notes. It provides the basic concept and formulation of the theory, and the physical and chemical significance of the frontier orbital interactions in chemistry, together with many practical applications. The formulation of the Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate and applications to some simple systems are also presented. The aim of this volume is to show by what forces chemical reactions are driven and to demonstrate how the regio- and stereo-selectivities are determined in chemical reactions. Students and senior investigators will gain insight into the nature of chemical reactions and find out how quantum chemical calculations are connected with chemical intuition.
A collection of selected papers on the Frontier Orbital Theory, with introductory notes. It provides the basic concept and formulation of the theory, and the physical and chemical significance of the frontier orbital interactions in chemistry, together with many practical applications. The formulation of the Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate and applications to some simple systems are also presented. The aim of this volume is to show by what forces chemical reactions are driven and to demonstrate how the regio- and stereo-selectivities are determined in chemical reactions. Students and senior investigators will gain insight into the nature of chemical reactions and find out how quantum chemical calculations are connected with chemical intuition.
This book proposes a new, pragmatic way of approaching economic development which features policy learning based on a comparison of international best policy practices. While the important role of government in promoting private sector development is being recognized, policy discussion often remains general without details as to what exactly to do and how to avoid common pitfalls. This book fills the gap by showing concrete policy contents, procedures, and organizations adopted in high-performing East Asian economies. Natural resources and foreign aid and investment can take a country to a certain income level, but growth stalls when given advantages are exhausted. Economies will be caught in middle income traps if growth impetus is not internally generated. Meanwhile, countries that have soared to high income introduced mindset, policies, and institutions that encouraged, or even forced, accumulation of human capital – skills, technology, and knowledge. How this can be done systematically is the main topic of policy learning. However, government should not randomly adopt what Singapore or Taiwan did in the past. A continued march to prosperity is possible only when policy makers acquire capability to formulate policy suitable for local context after studying a number of international experiences. Developing countries wanting to adopt effective industrial strategies but not knowing where to start will benefit greatly by the ideas and hands-on examples presented by the author. Students of development economics will find a new methodological perspective which can supplement the ongoing industrial policy debate. The book also gives an excellent account of national pride and pragmatism exhibited by officials in East Asia who produced remarkable economic growth, as well as serious effort by an African country to emulate this miracle. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/doi/view/10.4324/9780203085530 has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
Steroids: The basic science and clinical aspects covers the modern understanding and clinical use of steroids. The history of steroids is richly immersed and runs long and deep. The modern history of steroids started in the early 20th century, but its use has been traced back to ancient Greece. We start by describing the basic science of steroids. We then describe different clinical situations where steroids play an important role. We hope that this book will contribute further to the literature available about steroids and enables the reader to further understand this interesting and rapidly evolving science.
3D rotation analysis is widely encountered in everyday problems thanks to the development of computers. Sensing 3D using cameras and sensors, analyzing and modeling 3D for computer vision and computer graphics, and controlling and simulating robot motion all require 3D rotation computation. This book focuses on the computational analysis of 3D rotation, rather than classical motion analysis. It regards noise as random variables and models their probability distributions. It also pursues statistically optimal computation for maximizing the expected accuracy, as is typical of nonlinear optimization. All concepts are illustrated using computer vision applications as examples. Mathematically, the set of all 3D rotations forms a group denoted by SO(3). Exploiting this group property, we obtain an optimal solution analytical or numerically, depending on the problem. Our numerical scheme, which we call the "Lie algebra method," is based on the Lie group structure of SO(3). This book also proposes computing projects for readers who want to code the theories presented in this book, describing necessary 3D simulation setting as well as providing real GPS 3D measurement data. To help readers not very familiar with abstract mathematics, a brief overview of quaternion algebra, matrix analysis, Lie groups, and Lie algebras is provided as Appendix at the end of the volume.
A description of the design principles, seen mainly from the fabrication point of view. Following a review of the historical development and of the materials used in lasing at short to long wavelengths, the book goes on to discuss the basic design principles for semiconductor-laser devices and the epitaxy for laser production. One entire chapter is devoted to the technology of liquid-phase epitaxy, while another treats vapor-phase and beam epitaxies. The whole is rounded off with mode-control techniques and an introduction to surface-emitting lasers.
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