Freemasonry is a system of learning that has been recognized as?a?product of western civilization, however what is not told is the influences by people of African descent. This book describes the contributions to freemasonry from the ancient African civilizations of Egypt, Nubia and pre Islamic Arabia. It is designed to give the reader a deeper understanding of its origins as well as its connection to world civilizations and world religion, all of which has an African presence. This book will also looks at the universe of African American Masonic organizations from the early 18th century to the 20th century America, which ranged from the origins of prince hall freemasonry to Black Nationalist and esoteric religious sects like the Moorish Science Temple of America, the UNIA and several other offshoots. Contrary to prior accounts, African American Freemasonry was concerned with far more than simply acknowledgement and respectability. The book will demonstrate that Freemasonry played a critical role in, history, politics and African American social life. I discuss such topics as the impact of Greek philosophy on western civilization, the rise of Islam and its impact on the African continent and finally the grandeur and accomplishments of the moors of Spain. African people have been at the very core of this rich foundation. In addition I discuss the comparisons between the ancient Egyptian civilization and modern day freemasonry. I explore its symbolism as well as the esoteric foundations that freemasonry relies so heavily upon. Once freemasonry reach the western hemisphere it became a tool for influencing Europe's elite. Moreover, my research covers the history of the knight's of Europe and the origins of?european chivalry and how Arabic poetry played an important role in its establishment. Additional topics include Napoleon Bonaparte, The mystic shrine and the foundations of Orientalism.
This book explores the critical thinking that Freemasons of African descent have towards the understanding of the Bible as well as the impact of Christianity in African American culture. To the Mason, the Bible is the guide of faith for it gives us God's holy instructions. It also has within it a secret knowledge that many of our traditional churches refused to tap into. Therefore this knowledge is esoteric in nature and this is what masonry thrives on. This book will examine not only the contributions by ancient Kemet (Egypt) To religion but the entire content of Africa which has a conglomerate of religions all are pointing to one divine creator.
This book is based on the theory that the black Muslim movement was created from the knowledge of the Masonic order. In the early decades of the 20th century, noble drew ali established a political and religious organization known today as the Moorish Science Temple of America. It was this organization that exposed black to something other than the normal Christian influences of that day. Ali a high degree freemason, incorporated various Masonic teachings from an auxiliary group. Known as the AEAONMS ancient Egyptian Arabic order of noble of the mystic shrine A pseudo Islamic/Arabic oriental organization that served as a wake up call to a lost knowledge. A knowledge that was taken away from Africans during the slave trades. The theory behind this book is that the majority of the slaves that were taken from the west coast of Africa were practicing Muslims, and these Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity under the strong oppression of slavery. At one time Afro-Americans were the biggest minority in the American society. About 90% of the todays population of blacks are descendants of slaves that were brought to America for working on plantations since the 16th century. At the beginning of the 19th century most of the so-called Negroes lived in the plantation areas of the Southern States. After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery it wasnt until the early 1920s and 30s that blacks were beginning to experiment with other faiths. Of all the faiths Islam became the fastest growing religion and the most popular. This book by far is in no way a research into black history, instead it covers a more deeper aspect of history in which I call the history behind the history. It explores the true Asiatic origins of the ancient religions of Hinduism, Buddhism well as the Islamic faith. Finally It explores the Masonic symbolisms of alis Moorish science dogma digging deeper into the esoteric side of his Aquarian/Masonic teaching explaining their origins and discovering an age old wisdom that had been kept hidden from the human eye. One would think that Africans in the Americas would have rejected the religious tradition of their European oppressors taking into consideration that African religions are far older & they possess more sources of knowledge & spiritual salvation. Yet there are those who have turned away from traditional Christian dominated environments in order to find a greater understanding of themselves and the world in which they live. One alternative has been to seek knowledge in the various religious groups that arose in the 20th century.
The real purpose of this research is the exploration of the Bible and its many African hidden secrets.The use of Tubal Cain in Masonic ritual is derived from the old legends of the craft by the operative and then speculative masons; it refers symbolically but historically to his scriptural and traditional reputation as an artificer. Tubal Cain is the 8th man from Adam.In the bible it mentions that Tubal-Cain was the first to manipulate metal. He is quoted as being the first instructor of brass and iron. this Pamphlet will break down and analyze the symbolism behind this sacred password.
Examining the wide-ranging implications of Ruskin's engagement with his contemporaries and followers, this collection is organized around three related themes: Ruskin's intellectual legacy and the extent to which its address to working men and women and children was realised in practice; Ruskin's followers and their sites of influence, especially those related to the formation of collections, museums, archives and galleries representing values and ideas associated with Ruskin; and the extent to which Ruskin's work constructed a world-wide network of followers, movements and social gestures that acknowledge his authority and influence. As the introduction shows, Ruskin's continuing digital presence is striking and makes a case for Ruskin's persistent presence. The collection begins with essays on Ruskin's intellectual presence in nineteenth-century thought, with some emphasis on his interest in the education of women. This section is followed by one on Ruskin's followers from the mid-nineteenth century into twentieth-century modernism that looks at a broad range of cultural activities that sought to further, repudiate, or exemplify Ruskin's work and teaching. Working-class education, the Ruskinian periodical, plays, and science fiction are all considered along with the Bloomsbury Group's engagement with Ruskin's thought and writing. Essays on Ruskin abroad-in America, Australia, and India round out the collection.
In this book, two leading scholars, a political scientist and an ethical philosopher, outline a new national policy for land use, and provide the legal, political, and ethical justifications for their proposed policies.
The last of the nine Frontier Wars fought between 17991877 was in many ways a prequel to the more famous Zulu War of 1879, featuring as it did many of the British regiments and personalities who were to fight at Isandlwana, as well as being the final defeat of the Xhosa people and their reduction to lowly workers for the colonists. This war saw conflict between the British authorities (the governor-general and the commander-in-chief) and the government of the Cape, leading to the dismissal of that government by Sir Bartle Frere, the Governor-General. This book has made extensive use of British Parliamentary Papers, official War Office dispatches and personal accounts and correspondence to tell the full story of this neglected yet fascinating episode of South African military history, which provides an insight into the origins of and attitudes of the principal figures in the following conflict with the Zulus.
New York attracts millions of visitors each year in search of the glitz and glamour, the lively arts scene, rich history and immigrant heritage. The vibrant boomtown is experiencing a cultural and economic upswing that has brought new sights and sounds to its already rich cultural vistas. From Central Park, Upper Fifth Avenue and Museum Mile to the hottest downtown and Brooklyn 'hoods (Greenwich Village, the Meatpacking District, Carroll Gardens and more), Time Out points visitors to both the well known and the under-the-radar sights. Plus, we review the new hotels and the best of the constantly changing dining, drinking and shopping scenes.
William H. (Alfalfa Bill) Murray is the most important figure in the political history of Oklahoma. No other individual contributed so greatly to the formation of its political institutions—and there was never a more colorful or controversial character on the state’s political scene. Flamboyant, unpredictable, and stubborn, Alfalfa Bill became a legend. President of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention, speaker of the first House of Representatives, two-term congressman, and governor of Oklahoma, the Texas-born Murray made an indelible mark on his adopted state. But he also made enemies. During the struggle for statehood he waged a hard battle over the constitution, taking on President Theodore Roosevelt and Secretary of War William Howard Taft. As Oklahoma governor, Murray challenged the oil industry, newspaper interests, and the state of Texas. To enforce his programs, he relied on the National Guard. While governor, Murray called out the guard forty-seven times for duties ranging from policing ticket sales at University of Oklahoma football games, to patrolling oil fields, to guarding the Red River Bridge during the infamous Bridge War with Texas. In 1932 he ran for the Democratic nomination for president, and his fame spread across the nation. When candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt offered a program for national recovery, Murray countered with “Bread, Butter, Bacon, and Beans.” In describing Murray’s frustrated efforts to preserve the agricultural American of the nineteenth century, Bryant has written a perceptive biography presenting the first clearly defined portrait of this determined but inflexible man.
The debate continues among today's leading Bible scholars about the conspicuous exclusion of twelve verses (16:9-20) in the gospel of Mark from some early Greek manuscripts.
In the do-whatever-it-takes world of the WWE, there has always been a system that guarantees happy audiences and successful careers-there's the good guys, and there's the bad guys. Over time, wrestlers may fade away, but this theme remains the same, with grudges, long-standing feuds, and an ever-changing roster of colorful characters driving the action. Until now. In this revealing look at the decline of the world's most popular sports entertainment franchise, Scott Keith uncovers a growing trend of favoritism and stagnation within the WWE that gives an elite group of stars a free ride-for as long as they want-with no worries of being retired. Ultimately the fans are the big losers because waiting in the wings is a group of talented young wrestlers eager to prove themselves in the ring. But getting to the top in the WWE takes more than good moves, because if you want to have it made-you have to be made. Book jacket.
A history of the first engagement between the U.S. Army and the North Vietnamese Army at the beginning of the Vietnam War in 1965. In fall 1965, North Vietnam’s high command smelled blood in the water. The South Vietnamese republic was on the verge of collapse, and Hanoi resolved to crush it once and for all. The communists set their sights on South Vietnam’s strategically vital West-Central Highlands. Annihilate ARVN’s defenses in Kontum and Pleiku provinces, the communists surmised, and the region’s remaining provinces would topple like dominoes. Their first target was the American Special Forces camp at Plei Me, remote and isolated along the Cambodian border. As darkness fell on 19 October, 1965, two North Vietnamese Army regiments—some four thousand troops— crept into their final strike positions. The plan was as simple as it was audacious: one regiment would bring the frontier fortress under murderous siege while the other would lie in wait to destroy the inevitable rescue force. Initially, all that stood athwart Hanoi’s grand scheme was a handful of American Green Berets, a few hundred Montagnard allies—and burgeoning U.S. airpower. Cut off and beleaguered, Plei Me’s defenders fought for their lives, while a daring band of close air support and resupply pilots helped keep the beast at bay. But as the overland relief force bogged down, 5th Group ordered in the legendary “Chargin” Charlie Beckwith and his elite Project Delta to help hold the line. Soon, the 1st Cavalry Division would also join the fray, setting the stage for its bloody Ia Drang Valley fights a few weeks later. Before it was over, the siege of Plei Me would push its defenders to the brink and usher in the first major clashes between the U.S. and North Vietnamese armies. Drawing on archival research and interviews with combat veterans, J. Keith Saliba reconstructs this pivotal battle in vivid, gut-wrenching detail and illustrates where the siege fit in the war’s strategic picture. Praise for Death in the Highlands Winner, 2021 Gold Medal in history, Military Writers Society of America “This story has it all: the bravery and suffering of men in extreme peril and how they lived and died. Plei Me was the prelude to the bloody battles of the 1st Cavalry Division troopers in the nearby Ia Drang Valley just weeks later. Keith Saliba has done them all proud.” —Joseph L. Galloway, co-author of the New York Times bestseller We Were Soldiers Once . . . and Young “Military history at its best . . . a clear, detailed, and highly readable account of an important but little understood battle of the Vietnam War.” —Col. Andrew R. Finlayson, USMC (Ret.), author of Killer Kane: A Marine Long-Range Recon Team Leader in Vietnam, 1967–1968 and winner of the CIA’s Studies in Intelligence Award
The origins, nature and consequence of the English Civil War are subjects of continuing historical controversy. The English Civil War and Revolution is a wide ranging, accessible sourcebook covering the principal aspects of the mid-seventeenth century crisis. It presents a comprehensive guide to the historiographical debates involved. Drawing on a variety of source material such as official records, private correspondence, diaries, minutes of debates and petitions, this text provides: * contextual introductions to documents * a comprehensive glossary of seventeenth century terms * a chronology of events for reference * illustrations, including contemporary woodcuts. While familiarising students with some of the main sources drawn upon by historians working in the field, The English Civil War and Revolution contains many extracts from unpublished, manuscript sources. By taking sources from all levels of society and grouping them thematically, this book offers a number of viewpoints on the civil war and revolution, thus aiding understanding of this complex period.
Elisha's Profile in the Book of Kings uses the tools of literary criticism to read the Elisha narrative as an integral component of the Deuteronomistic History compiled in the aftermath of the Babylonian invasion and destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. From his investiture in 1 Kings 19 to his final cameo in 2 Kings 13, Elisha the prophet has one of the most extensively-narrated careers in Israel's royal history. During a particularly dark and contested era where the corrupt northern kings hold sway, Elisha enters the ideological battleground and boldly raises his voice and performs remarkable signs to stem the tide of injustice and religious inconstancy. Empowered by a double portion of his master Elijah's spirit, Elisha is a double agent who continues the task of dismantling the Omride dynasty. Moving between the international stage and more domestic locales, Elisha travels widely and interacts with a host of characters from virtually every socio-economic category, visiting foreign capitals and cities under siege as well as wealthy homes and obscure villages. With actions that range from feeding a multitude to mind-reading and raising the dead, Elisha's performance eclipses that of his master and ensures a lasting place in ancient Israel's prophetic heritage.
The plague outbreak of 1636 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne was one of the most devastating in English history. This hugely moving study looks in detail at its impact on the city through the eyes of a man who stayed as others fled: the scrivener Ralph Tailor. As a scrivener Tailor was responsible for many of the wills and inventories of his fellow citizens. By listening to and writing down the final wishes of the dying, the young scrivener often became the principal provider of comfort in people’s last hours. Drawing on the rich records left by Tailor during the course of his work along with many other sources, Keith Wrightson vividly reconstructs life in the early modern city during a time of crisis and envisions what such a calamitous decimation of the population must have meant for personal, familial, and social relations.
This book is based on the theory that the black Muslim movement was created from the knowledge of the Masonic order. In the early decades of the 20th century, noble drew ali established a political and religious organization known today as the Moorish Science Temple of America. It was this organization that exposed black to something other than the normal Christian influences of that day. Ali a high degree freemason, incorporated various Masonic teachings from an auxiliary group. Known as the AEAONMS ancient Egyptian Arabic order of noble of the mystic shrine A pseudo Islamic/Arabic oriental organization that served as a wake up call to a lost knowledge. A knowledge that was taken away from Africans during the slave trades. The theory behind this book is that the majority of the slaves that were taken from the west coast of Africa were practicing Muslims, and these Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity under the strong oppression of slavery. At one time Afro-Americans were the biggest minority in the American society. About 90% of the todays population of blacks are descendants of slaves that were brought to America for working on plantations since the 16th century. At the beginning of the 19th century most of the so-called Negroes lived in the plantation areas of the Southern States. After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery it wasnt until the early 1920s and 30s that blacks were beginning to experiment with other faiths. Of all the faiths Islam became the fastest growing religion and the most popular. This book by far is in no way a research into black history, instead it covers a more deeper aspect of history in which I call the history behind the history. It explores the true Asiatic origins of the ancient religions of Hinduism, Buddhism well as the Islamic faith. Finally It explores the Masonic symbolisms of alis Moorish science dogma digging deeper into the esoteric side of his Aquarian/Masonic teaching explaining their origins and discovering an age old wisdom that had been kept hidden from the human eye. One would think that Africans in the Americas would have rejected the religious tradition of their European oppressors taking into consideration that African religions are far older & they possess more sources of knowledge & spiritual salvation. Yet there are those who have turned away from traditional Christian dominated environments in order to find a greater understanding of themselves and the world in which they live. One alternative has been to seek knowledge in the various religious groups that arose in the 20th century.
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