This book focuses on the significant role of West African consumers in the development of the global economy. It explores their demand for Indian cotton textiles and how their consumption shaped patterns of global trade, influencing economies and businesses from Western Europe to South Asia. In turn, the book examines how cotton textile production in southern India responded to this demand. Through this perspective of a south-south economic history, the study foregrounds African agency and considers the lasting impact on production and exports in South Asia. It also considers how European commercial and imperial expansion provided a complex web of networks, linking West African consumers and Indian weavers. Crucially, it demonstrates the emergence of the modern global economy.
This book discusses solid dynamics with energy dissipation characteristics based on fundamental studies of friction, impact and fracture. Friction is one of the most significant physical phenomena in daily life, and has thus been widely studied since ancient times. The force of static friction is given by F = μN, where μ is the coefficient of friction and N is the contact force at the interface. However, many aspects of dynamic friction are still not well understood. This book presents fundamental studies on dynamic sliding friction based on experimental and model analyses, and demonstrates a number of findings. First, the sliding friction force in the dynamic case can be given by Fd = λAv, where λ is a parameter related to the surface condition, A is the contact area, and v is the sliding velocity. Second, stick-slip motion on flat surfaces can be represented by a mass–spring system with a dashpot with damping constant c (=λA). Third, the plowing force due to hard conical asperities on soft surfaces is given by Pf = λ'A'v, where λ' is a parameter associated with the surface condition of the asperities, A' is the plowing cross-sectional area, and v is the sliding velocity of the asperities; the damping factor cp (=λ'A' ) influences stick-slip motion during the plowing process. Friction also plays an important role in oblique impacts. This book describes the effect of friction on the impact of golf balls. First, the impact behavior is studied using high-speed video, and the spin or angular velocity ω of the ball during impact is determined. The contact area of the ball is also determined, using a rigid transparent target. Second, the effect of friction on ω is described, assuming that F = μN + μη'dA/dt, where η' is a coefficient associated with the contact surface and dA/dt is the time derivative of the contact area A. The friction effect is also derived using Fd = λAv, where λAv is qualitatively equivalent to the empirical relationship μN + μη'dA/dt. Third, the friction-induced shear vibration of the ball can be predicted by an elastic sphere model given by Fd = λAv. Similar to sliding friction, dynamic fracture is also a representative feature of solid dynamics with energy dissipation characteristics. A crack tip in brittle materials propagates dynamically and exhibits crack branching or arresting according to the crack acceleration or deceleration. This phenomenon is qualitatively in accord with stick-slip friction. This book investigates dynamic crack propagation using the method of caustics and a high-speed camera. First, the stress intensity factor Kd for the dynamic case is evaluated and correlated with crack velocity and acceleration. Second, these parameters are correlated with the change in roughness of the fracture surfaces. Crack branching is also studied to understand the energy dissipation. Third, the relationship between Kd and crack velocity is examined based on the unloading rate of the specimen during crack propagation. Different specimen geometries and loading methods are used to clarify the effect of solid dynamics.
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.