Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions do not only warm our planet but also acidify our oceans. It is currently unclear to which degree Earth’s climate and marine life will be impacted by these changes but information from Earth history, particularly the geochemical signals of past environmental changes stored in the fossil remains of marine organisms, can help us predict possible future changes. This book aims to be a primer for scientists who seek to apply boron proxies in marine carbonates to estimate past seawater carbonate chemistry and atmospheric pCO2. Boron proxies (δ11B and B/Ca) were introduced nearly three decades ago, with subsequent strides being made in understanding their mechanistic functioning. This text reviews current knowledge about the aqueous systematics, the inorganic and biological controls on boron isotope fractionation and incorporation into marine carbonates, as well as the analytical techniques for measurement of boron proxies. Laboratory and field calibrations of the boron proxies are summarized, and similarities between modern calibrations are explored to suggest estimates for proxy sensitivities in marine calcifiers that are now extinct. Example applications illustrate the potential for reconstructing paleo-atmospheric pCO2 from boron isotopes. Also explored are the sensitivity of paleo-ocean acidity and pCO2 reconstructions to boron isotope proxy systematics that are currently less well understood, including the elemental and boron isotopic composition of seawater through time, seawater alkalinity, temperature and salinity, and their collective impact on the uncertainty of paleo-reconstructions. The B/Ca proxy is based on the same mechanistic principles as the boron isotope proxy, but empirical calibrations suggest seawater pH is not the only controlling factor. B/Ca therefore has the potential to provide a second carbonate parameter that could be paired with δ11B to fully constrain the ocean carbonate system, but the associated uncertainties are large. This text reviews and examines what is currently known about the B/Ca proxy systematics. As more scientists embark on characterizing past ocean acidity and atmospheric pCO2, Boron in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology provides a resource to introduce geoscientists to the opportunities and complications of boron proxies, including potential avenues to further refine them.
Katherine Schultz examines the complex role student silence can play in teaching and learning. Urging teachers to listen to student silence in new ways, this book offers real-life examples and proven strategies for "rethinking classroom participation" to include all students--those eager to raise their hands to speak and those who may pause or answer in different ways. --from publisher description.
Fighting is common among contemporary Aboriginal women in Mangrove, Australia. Women fight with men and with other women—often with “the other woman.” Victoria Burbank’s depiction of these women offers a powerful new perspective that can be applied to domestic violence in Western settings. Noting that Aboriginal women not only talk without shame about their angry emotions but also express them in acts of aggression and defense, Burbank emphasizes the positive social and cultural implications of women’s refusal to be victims. She explores questions of hierarchy and the expression of emotions, as well as women’s roles in domestic violence. Human aggression can be experienced and expressed in different ways, she says, and is not necessarily always “wrong.” Fighting Women is relevant to discussions of aggression and gender relations in addition to debates on the victimization of women and children everywhere. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1994.
This thesis presents studies of the starless core populations of three nearby molecular clouds made as part of the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Gould Belt Survey. These studies combine observations made using the SCUBA-2 submillimetre camera with data from several other instruments, including the Herschel Space Observatory, to identify and characterise starless cores in the Ophiuchus, Taurus and Cepheus molecular clouds. The temperatures, masses and stability against collapse of the starless cores are measured, the latter through detailed virial analysis, including a determination of the external pressure on the cores. The book illustrates core stability on the “virial plane”, in which core stability is plotted against core confinement mode, showing that starless cores are typically confined by external pressure rather than self-gravity. It also presents an analytical model of the evolution of starless cores in the “virial plane”, demonstrating that a pressure-confined starless core may evolve due to virial stability rather than gravitational collapse, which means that a core can only be definitively considered to be prestellar if it is gravitationally bound.
How can new and experienced teachers rethink their teaching and learn to embrace and grow from the diversity they encounter among their students? Rather than preparing teachers to follow prescriptions or blueprints, Katherine Schultz suggests that they be given the tools and the opportunity to attend and respond to the students they teach. In this book, she offers a conceptual framework for “deep listening,” illustrating how successful teachers listen for the particularities of each student, listen for the rhythm and balance of the whole class, listen for the broader contexts of their students’ lives, and listen for silence and acts of silencing. Listening in this manner brings together knowledge of individual students, an understanding of a student’s place within the classroom and community, and mastery of subject matter and pedagogy. Featuring the perspectives of students and teachers, this volume proposes new ways of thinking about teaching across all grade levels and subject areas, addressing many of the challenges posed by the current climate of high-stakes testing and standardization. “Teaching requires careful listening. . . . If you want to learn to listen in order to teach really well, and to find your teaching interesting from one year to the next, pay close attention to how these teachers do their daily work.” —From the Foreword by Frederick Erickson “This is a beautifully crafted, wise, humane book that counters the rush to standards and test-taking. In place of a ‘one-size-fits-all’ strategy that constricts learning, Schultz advocates convincingly for a nuanced approach based on ‘listening.’ This is a book every educator from kindergarten through graduate school should read.” —Michael B. Katz, Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
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