Drawing on a range of disciplinary approaches, this text explores the drivers of urban development. Through an evolutionary lens, cities are shown to find a development path amidst an ever-changing landscape, sometimes facing extreme externalities such as wars and economic crises. Key themes covered include urban growth, decentralisation, path dependence, institutional change, governance, entrepreneurship and culture. Detailed case studies of the history-rich metropolises of Berlin, Budapest and Warsaw allow the author to examine the adaptive abilities of cities in flux and draw conclusions with broader international relevance. This text will be valuable reading for advanced students and researchers in urban economics, evolutionary economics, institutional economics and Central European studies.
Drawing on a range of disciplinary approaches, this text explores the drivers of urban development. Through an evolutionary lens, cities are shown to find a development path amidst an ever-changing landscape, sometimes facing extreme externalities such as wars and economic crises. Key themes covered include urban growth, decentralisation, path dependence, institutional change, governance, entrepreneurship and culture. Detailed case studies of the history-rich metropolises of Berlin, Budapest and Warsaw allow the author to examine the adaptive abilities of cities in flux and draw conclusions with broader international relevance. This text will be valuable reading for advanced students and researchers in urban economics, evolutionary economics, institutional economics and Central European studies.
This book focuses on the Polish Constitution of 1997, concentrating on its structure, its substance and some of the institutional choices made by the drafters. The core of the Constitution is similar to other liberal democratic constitutions, but, in addition, it regulates a number of issues – such as public finances and sources of law – that are new to Polish constitutionalism and to constitutionalism in general. It considers in a detailed manner certain institutional choices made in the Constitution, such as the bicameral parliament, the peculiar structure of the executive branch, as well as the principle of independence of courts and judges, fundamental rights and local government. The book is a vital resource for all those interested in Poland's Constitution, and the rich comparative constitutional insights the country offers. In addition to explaining the 1997 Constitution in its political, historical, and social context, the book tackles the radical changes, in particular within the judicial branch, introduced by the new governing majority since 2015. These new regulations, constitutional in character, but without formally changing the Constitution, challenged the rule of law, a key component of membership in the European Union. Despite the negative nature of these recent developments, the anchoring of Polish constitutional law in European constitutionalism presents a source of optimism that the 1997 Constitution will regain its position as the supreme law of the state.
This book describes the experience of joblessness and unemployment in contemporary Poland. It does so by combining qualitative and quantitative data from a special project conducted in Poland after the Great Recession and the long-term Polish Panel Survey (POLPAN) to describe the lives of the jobless: women and men currently out of work, the recently re-employed, and housewives. The book uses a class and inequality perspective to investigate how these women and men became jobless, how they look for and find employment, their household and social activities, and their political participation. It contextualizes these experiences with a description of Poland’s economy, labor market and employment policies after the fall of Communism and builds on the active interviewing and social constructionist approaches to explore the complex interviewer-respondent relationship.
Insurance related to outer space activities has been around since the 1960s, but has become vastly more significant with the increased commercial use of satellites. This book focuses on the legal aspects of space insurance in the contractual context, analysing space risk as well as the insurance terms used on the market. It offers the first in-depth coverage, both practical and theoretical, of space insurance from an international law perspective. Attending throughout to the important and problematic distinction between the space segment (upstream) and ground segment (downstream) in space law, this book deals comprehensively with such issues and topics as the following: - the main hazards relating to space activities; - the impact of new space technologies on the level of risk and insurance; - the differing types of risks attributable to various entities in the context of insurable interest; - aspects of the space risk allocation regimes and risk assessment; - the impact of the five ‘space treaties’ – the Outer Space Treaty, the Liability Convention, the Rescue Agreement, the Registration Convention and the Moon Agreement – on the subject and scope of insurance coverage; - the advent of suborbital flight, commercial human space flight and space tourism in the context of emerging insurance risks; - the problem of space debris; - contractual aspects of space activities affecting the space insurance risks; - basic notions such as ‘outer space’, ‘space object’ in the context of space activities and related insurance coverage; - basic insurance principles and their operation in the space insurance; and - the adjustment of losses and the settlement of disputes in space insurance. The author emphasises the need to understand the various insurance risks facing particular types of commercial space activities, including pre-launch, launch, transportation, spaceflight, satellite communications, satellite navigation, satellite remote sensing and space station operation. Satellites are increasingly a vital part of many daily activities of contemporary society and the Earth’s orbit is becoming ever more crowded, heightening the risks of collision, damage and claims. This thoroughly researched book will therefore be extremely useful to lawyers, policymakers and academics tasked with defining the scope of insurance coverage that accurately mirrors technological, contractual and legal reality. Its practical aspect will be of extraordinary value to insurance lawyers, underwriters and brokers.
In this book, Katarzyna Granat analyses and evaluates Europe's experience with the Early Warning System (EWS) which allows national parliaments to review draft legislative acts of the European Union for their compatibility with the subsidiarity principle. The EWS was introduced in response to the perceived 'democratic deficit' of the EU and its 'creeping' competences, and represented one of the landmark reforms of the Lisbon Treaty. The purpose of this book is to present and critically analyse the functioning of the new mechanism of subsidiarity review and the role that national parliaments have played within this system. Compared to the existing leading publications on the Europeanisation of national parliaments and contributions on the EU principle of subsidiarity, this book offers – for the first time – a profound legal analysis of the procedure enriched by a comprehensive empirical analysis of the activities of national parliaments. It is directed at scholars of EU law and policy, European and national officials, and legal practitioners working in and with the national legislatures.
This book offers a clear and structured examination of how joint bidding structures comply with competition rules in Europe. It explains how joint-bids could be considered as agreements aimed at distorting competition, the practice commonly referred to as bid rigging. The book demonstrates how the conclusion of joint-bid agreements could constitute grounds for exclusion from public procurement proceedings under Article 57(4)(d) of Directive 2014/24/EU.
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