Net zero energy buildings, equilibrium buildings or carbon neutral cities – depending on location and the reasons for making the calculation, the numbers are run differently. The variety of terms in use indicates that a scientific method is still lacking – which is a problem not just in regard to international communication, but also with respect to planning processes as a response to energy challenges. The clarification and meaning of the most important terms in use is extremely important for their implementation. Since October 2008, a panel of experts from an international energy agency has concerned itself with these topics as part of a project entitled “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings”. The objective is to analyse exemplary buildings that are near a zero-energy balance in order to develop methods and tools for the planning, design and operation of such buildings. The results are documented in this publication: In addition to the presentation of selected projects, it is not just architectural showcase projects that are shown – the focus is on relaying knowledge and experience gained by planners and builders. Even if many questions remain unanswered: Project examples that have already been implemented prove on a practical basis that the objective of a zero energy balance is already possible today.
Net zero energy buildings, equilibrium buildings or carbon neutral cities – depending on location and the reasons for making the calculation, the numbers are run differently. The variety of terms in use indicates that a scientific method is still lacking – which is a problem not just in regard to international communication, but also with respect to planning processes as a response to energy challenges. The clarification and meaning of the most important terms in use is extremely important for their implementation. Since October 2008, a panel of experts from an international energy agency has concerned itself with these topics as part of a project entitled “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings”. The objective is to analyse exemplary buildings that are near a zero-energy balance in order to develop methods and tools for the planning, design and operation of such buildings. The results are documented in this publication: In addition to the presentation of selected projects, it is not just architectural showcase projects that are shown – the focus is on relaying knowledge and experience gained by planners and builders. Even if many questions remain unanswered: Project examples that have already been implemented prove on a practical basis that the objective of a zero energy balance is already possible today.
Merriam Press World War 2 History. Most scholarship on the American role in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) during World War II has addressed the issues of strategy, campaign outcomes, command leadership, and logistical support. Other research efforts have provided insights into the experiences of the individual combatants. Karsten offers a better grasp of these latter efforts, utilizing evidence that has been underutilized. What he asks in this unique work is whether the media (journalists, broadcasters, combat photographers, cartoonists and artists) in the ETO during WWII significantly improved our understanding of the world of the American infantryman there. 57 illustrations.
This book discusses modelling and analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data of the human brain. For the data processing pipelines we rely on R, the software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The book is intended for readers from two communities: Statisticians, who are interested in neuroimaging and look for an introduction to the acquired data and typical scientific problems in the field and neuroimaging students, who want to learn about the statistical modeling and analysis of MRI data. Being a practical introduction, the book focuses on those problems in data analysis for which implementations within R are available. By providing full worked-out examples the book thus serves as a tutorial for MRI analysis with R, from which the reader can derive its own data processing scripts. The book starts with a short introduction into MRI. The next chapter considers the process of reading and writing common neuroimaging data formats to and from the R session. The main chapters then cover four common MR imaging modalities and their data modeling and analysis problems: functional MRI, diffusion MRI, Multi-Parameter Mapping and Inversion Recovery MRI. The book concludes with extended Appendices on details of the utilize non-parametric statistics and on resources for R and MRI data. The book also addresses the issues of reproducibility and topics like data organization and description, open data and open science. It completely relies on a dynamic report generation with knitr: The books R-code and intermediate results are available for reproducibility of the examples.
This book describes the fundamental aspects of nonlinear optics from basic principles to applications. Starting from the polarization induced by an electric field in a material, it relates the induced polarization to the propagating fields. It describes the properties of the induced polarization through a material response expressed both in the time and frequency domains leading to the nonlinear wave equation. The second part of the book focuses on applications of nonlinear interaction between light and matter, and considers nonlinearities in crystals and optical fibers.
This book is mainly devoted to the combinatorics of quadratic holomorphic dynamics. The conceptual kernel is a self-contained abstract counterpart of connected quadratic Julia sets which is built on Thurston's concept of a quadratic invariant lamination and on symbolic descriptions of the angle-doubling map. The theory obtained is illustrated in the complex plane. It is used to give rigorous proofs of some well-known and some partially new statements on the structure of the Mandelbrot set. The text is intended for graduate students and researchers. Some elementary knowledge in topology and in functions of one complex variable is assumed.
World War IIWorld War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations, including all of the great powers: eventually forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military personnel mobilised. In a state of "total war," the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it was the deadliest conflict in human history,resulting in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities......
This volume provides a basic introduction to the philosophy of science and its central concepts, theories, and philosophical, scientific, and spatial positions and approaches.
Historicizing both emotions and politics, this open access book argues that the historical work of emotion is most clearly understood in terms of the dynamics of institutionalization. This is shown in twelve case studies that focus on decisive moments in European and US history from 1800 until today. Each case study clarifies how emotions were central to people’s political engagement and its effects. The sources range from parliamentary buildings and social movements, to images and speeches of presidents, from fascist cemeteries to the International Criminal Court. Both the timeframe and the geographical focus have been chosen to highlight the increasingly participatory character of nineteenth- and twentieth-century politics, which is inconceivable without the work of emotions.
A basic understanding of the key techniques in computer graphics can open the door to this exciting field and its many applications, including for video games and for augmented and virtual reality. This easy-to-follow textbook and reference introduces the fundamental concepts of computer graphics, integrating both technical background and theory with practical examples and applications throughout. Thoroughly revised and updated, this new edition continues to present a user-friendly approach to creating images and animations, complementing the expanded coverage of topics with usage of example programs and exercises. Topics and features: Contains pedagogical tools, including easy-to-understand example programs and end-of-chapter exercises Presents a practical guide to basic computer graphics programming using the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) and the widely used Java programming language Includes new and expanded content on the OpenGL graphics pipelines, shader programming, drawing basic objects using the OpenGL, three-dimensional modelling, quaternions, rasterisation, antialiasing and more Supplies complete Java project examples as supplementary material This reader-friendly textbook is an essential tool for second-year undergraduate students and above, providing clear and concise explanations of the basic concepts of computer graphics. It will enable readers to immediately implement these concepts using the OpenGL and Java (with only elementary knowledge of the programming language). Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karsten Lehn works at the Faculty of Information Technology at Fachhochschule Dortmund, University of Applied Sciences and Arts. Prof. Dr. Merijam Gotzes is teaching at Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences. Prof. Dr. Frank Klawonn is head of the Data Analysis and Pattern Recognition Laboratory at the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences and heads the Biostatistics Research Group at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research.
The understanding of landscape in the German-speaking area has some similarities with the discussions of the topic in other European languages and scientific communities, but there are some specifics. These specifics can be found both in the common sense understanding of landscape and in the history of scientific conceptualization. Special features of the common sense understanding lie on the one hand in the medieval roots, a strong romantic charge and the strong connection between home and landscape. With regard to the scientific examination of landscape, there are specific fractions and discontinuities in the German-speaking world. Contents• Theoretical Framing: the Creation of Landscape• The Genesis of the Landscape Concept in the German Language Regions – the Common Sense Understanding• The Concept of Landscape in Landscape-Related Sciences• Landscape Research in its Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Challenge About the AuthorsDr. Karsten Berr works as a research assistant at the Department for Urban and Regional Development at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen.Dr. Dr. Olaf Kühne is professor for Urban and Regional Development at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen.
As early as the 19th century discoveries of groups of large axes puzzled those confronted with them. The fact that most were found in waterlogged places increased the speculation as to the nature of the deposits. This thesis is concerned with the character and significance of TRB flint axe depositions. The first part is mainly concerned with the question of selective deposition and how it was structured. By means of metrical, spatial and functional analysis, patterns are explored that can shed light on the actions performed by people in the past. The second part deals with the meaning and significance of TRB flint axe depositions. Why did people in the past do the things they did, how were these actions meaningful and important? Using sociological theory and ethnographic evidence an interpretation is presented based on the empirically observed patterns.
Soccer stadiums, airports, theaters, museums – it falls to very few architects to tackle spectacular building tasks like these. The everyday work of most architects is more often focused on "manageable" projects like the renovation, remodeling, or rebuilding of single- and multi-family houses, schools, and offices. Whatever the nature of the building task, interior construction is always a significant design and qualitative challenge that calls for highly detailed technical expertise. After all, it affects the realm that will be brought to life and utilized by the user when the task is finished, and whose aesthetic and functional serviceability will be put to the test each and every day. The Interior Construction Manual supports planners in their daily work as a practical planning aid and reference work with the relevant standards, guidelines, reference details, and constructional solutions, all illustrated by built example projects. It brings together the crucial facts on all aspects of interior construction and presents the key fundamentals of building physics, fire protection, interior construction systems, and openings. In addition, it offers concrete tips on integrated planning approaches, energy and sustainability issues, materials used in interior construction, hazardous substances, and dealing with building services and light planning.
Drawing on a wide range of unpublished sources, Ploger here explores the techniques of communication employed by the English Crown in its dealings with Popes Clement VI (1342-52) and Innocent VI (1352-62).
This unusual collection of 49 essays gives an overview of the trends and accomplishments of synthetic organic chemistry in recent years. Unique in its approach, it deals with almost every aspect of modern synthesis. The first part of the book describes methods and reagents, with particular emphasis on rapidly developing organometallic and biooriented procedures. In the second part, these tools are applied to the syntheses of interesting target compounds and natural compounds with remarkable physiological properties. Mechanistic discussions and retrosynthetic analyses are included. More than 1000 up-to-date references help the reader to pursue the topics highlighted here. This book gives both the active researcher and the advanced student insight into the competitive atmosphere, creativity, and resourcefulness so characteristic of organic synthesis today.
Die deutsche Kühlschiffsflotte war nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg lange Jahre eine der führenden der Welt. Die "Bananenjäger" mit ihrem yachtähnlichen Aussehen erregten in jedem Hafen besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Heute befinden sich Kühlschiffe im harten Wettbewerb mit den Containerlinien, wobei guter Service und kurze Transitzeiten den Reefern zumindest mittelfristig ein Fortbestehen garantieren. Vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bis heute wurden knapp 400 dieser Schiffe von deutschen Reedereien betrieben. Die Autoren sind zwei ausgewiesene Schifffahrtsexperten, Karl-Heinz Hilbig und Karsten Kunibert Krüger-Kopiske, dessen neun bisher erschienenen Bücher vor allem, aber nicht nur, durch seine perfekten Zeichnungen auffielen. In diesem Buch stellen die Autoren jedes der über 400 deutschen Kühlschiffe mit technischen Daten, Lebensläufen, Zeichnungen und Fotos vor. Die Geschichte jeder deutschen Kühlschiffsreederei ist ebenso Bestandteil des Buches wie Texte zu wichtigen geschichtlichen, technischen und wirtschaftlichen Hintergründen, die zum Verständnis der Branche beitragen. Mehr als 50 teilweise unveröffentlichte Fotos und Gemäldereproduktionen runden das Werk ab.
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