This unusual collection of 49 essays gives an overview of the trends and accomplishments of synthetic organic chemistry in recent years. Unique in its approach, it deals with almost every aspect of modern synthesis. The first part of the book describes methods and reagents, with particular emphasis on rapidly developing organometallic and biooriented procedures. In the second part, these tools are applied to the syntheses of interesting target compounds and natural compounds with remarkable physiological properties. Mechanistic discussions and retrosynthetic analyses are included. More than 1000 up-to-date references help the reader to pursue the topics highlighted here. This book gives both the active researcher and the advanced student insight into the competitive atmosphere, creativity, and resourcefulness so characteristic of organic synthesis today.
This unusual collection of 49 essays gives an overview of the trends and accomplishments of synthetic organic chemistry in recent years. Unique in its approach, it deals with almost every aspect of modern synthesis. The first part of the book describes methods and reagents, with particular emphasis on rapidly developing organometallic and biooriented procedures. In the second part, these tools are applied to the syntheses of interesting target compounds and natural compounds with remarkable physiological properties. Mechanistic discussions and retrosynthetic analyses are included. More than 1000 up-to-date references help the reader to pursue the topics highlighted here. This book gives both the active researcher and the advanced student insight into the competitive atmosphere, creativity, and resourcefulness so characteristic of organic synthesis today.
This book, first published in 1935, collects together material on the origins of religion from two very different sources. South America, where the author spent six years studying the religious beliefs and customs of several Indian tribes representing different stages of culture; and the Finno-Ugrian area, where Finnish and Russian ethnologists had brought to light a new body of facts which formed an important addition to our knowledge of religious life at an early stage of cultural development. This book is a key work in the study of comparative religion, and is an essential reference source on the origins of religion.
This volume provides a basic introduction to the philosophy of science and its central concepts, theories, and philosophical, scientific, and spatial positions and approaches.
International organisations are playing an increasingly important role in settling disputes. Progress in conflict management shows that more disputes than ever are being settled by negotiation and not on the battlefield. Therefore, there needs to be an increased focus on the ‘tool boxes’ of international organisations in the peace and security realm. However, at the same time the complexity of contemporary conflicts and conflict management is posing great challenges for the structures, resources and roles of most international organisations. This books deals with seven of these international organisations: the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the African Union (AU), the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO). This wide range of international organisations operate in different regions of the world and have different histories, legal foundations, security partners and resources for conflict management – all elements dealt with in this book. It is our hope that the book will provide readers with a deeper understanding of these international organisations, their establishment, how they have evolved and the tools of conflict management they use.
Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: The process of aluminium production is, even nearly 150 years after its discovery, not totally understood. Such a large quantity of factors influences the production process that no standard can be applied on it. In an aluminium reduction plant there are no two identical electrolysis cells. Differences in the start-up and operational disturbances alter the thermal and electrical behaviour of each cell individually. So every cell has to be monitored individually through the continuous changing bath composition and temperature variation. Every cell needs an individual dynamic optimisation of the chemical and thermal input, e.g. the AlF3- and CaF2-addition and the regulation of the anode-cathode distance. Self-regulating mechanism are the melting and freezing of the sidewall ledge, external mechanisms the lifting and lowering of the anodes. In this work a cell control system at Alumar (Brazil) was analysed and improved. The focus laid on controlling the cell temperature through a variation of the anode-cathode distance. The main objective was to analyse the effect and influence of a so-called temperature resistance modifier on hot pots (electrolysis cells). When the temperature of an electrolysis cell exceeds a certain limit, the pot operates outside its optimal working conditions, thus it has to be cooled down. This can happen by reducing the anode-cathode distance and therefore the resistance of the pot. The reduction is controlled by the so-called temperature resistance modifier. The concept of the temperature modifier was introduced less than one year ago at Alumar and is also within the Alcoa group a quite unexplored field. This work is structured in two parts, first an introduction to theory, then the practical part. Chapter 2 gives some general information, from the history of aluminium to a brief overview over the entire production process. Chapter 3 focuses on the general functioning of the aluminium electrolysis. Chapter 4 details the properties of the cryolite bath in the reduction cell and their impacts on the pot operating characteristics. Chapter 5 contains the experimental part of the work. In a first time the quality of the measurement system was tested. Then the relations between temperature resistance modifier and time as well as two bath parameters, the temperature and the ratio were inquired. Thereafter substantial modifications on the program that calculates the temperature modifier were analysed [...]
People often associate postwar Germany with technology and with its products of mass consumption, such as luxury cars. Even pop music, most notably Kraftwerk (literally 'power station') with songs such as Autobahn, Radioactivity or We are the Robots, disseminates the stereotype of a close link between German culture and technology. Technology in Modern German History explores various forms of technology in 200 years of German history and explains how technology has been fundamental to the shaping of modern Germany. The book investigates the role technology played in transforming Germany's culture, society and politics during the 19th and 20th centuries. Key topics covered include the different stages of industrialization, the growth of networked cities, and the triumph of a teleological narrative of technology as progress. Moreover, it provides a critical revision of the history of high technology which reveals how high-tech euphoria determined certain paths in history regardless of whether the respective technology proved to be successful. In its second part, the volume introduces new avenues in scholarship. Karsten Uhl examines neglected areas, such as rural technologies or the often-overlooked importance of everyday technologies: How did consumers or workers use new technologies? How did they appropriate and modify them? Lastly, the book considers the final decades of the 20th century and asks if they provided a significant new quality of technological change: To what degree and effects did computerization transform professional and private life in Germany? In culture and politics, reinforced by the German variety of environmentalism, the idea of progress was challenged, as the once prevailing vision of progress gave way to new apprehensions of uncertainty evident to this day. Technology in Modern German History brings fascinating insight into a much neglected area of German history for students and scholars alike.
The EU emissions trading scheme is the largest emissions control scheme in the world, capping almost half of European CO2 emissions. As the scheme emerges from its pilot phase, this special issue of Climate Policy journal analyses the lessons learned from the last two years and their implications for phase II. The volume presents some of the key analyses that helped inform the European Commission's decisions on national allocation plans, with research ranging from detailed country-by-country comparisons to more generic analysis that puts forward the case for harmonization. Challenging calls to seperate electricity from other sectors, a macroeconomic study suggests that the biggest efficiency gains come from inter-sectoral trading, even more than international trading. Empirical papers, which look at the expected scarcity of allowances in the market and merge models for the power and non-power sectors to project emissions and contrast these to the aggregate allocation volume, are complemented by two numerical simulations of trade and distributional effects, estimating the efficiency gains of the EU ETS in phase I and assessing allocation and distribution effects in the RGGI context.
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