The volume analyses how to make Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policies relevant for inclusive growth strategies in Africa.The base for a transformative STI policy is to link the STI policies to Africa's economic transformation policies. In a first part the general issues of introducing effective STI policies are presented. In a second part country case studies highlight the new approach. Cases such as Sudan and Nigeria are analysed, as these two countries have a long history of STI development; because of different history, size and structure they need to move in different directions towards a coherent STI policy for inclusive growth.
This book contains a systematical analysis of geometrical situations leading to contact pairs -- point-to-surface, surface-to-surface, point-to-curve, curve-to-curve and curve-to-surface. Each contact pair is inherited with a special coordinate system based on its geometrical properties such as a Gaussian surface coordinate system or a Serret-Frenet curve coordinate system. The formulation in a covariant form allows in a straightforward fashion to consider various constitutive relations for a certain pair such as anisotropy for both frictional and structural parts. Then standard methods well known in computational contact mechanics such as penalty, Lagrange multiplier methods, combination of both and others are formulated in these coordinate systems. Such formulations require then the powerful apparatus of differential geometry of surfaces and curves as well as of convex analysis. The final goals of such transformations are then ready-for-implementation numerical algorithms within the finite element method including any arbitrary discretization techniques such as high order and isogeometric finite elements, which are most convenient for the considered geometrical situation. The book proposes a consistent study of geometry and kinematics, variational formulations, constitutive relations for surfaces and discretization techniques for all considered geometrical pairs and contains the associated numerical analysis as well as some new analytical results in contact mechanics.
Dieses Buch ist ein Geschenk von Schulern, Freunden, Kollegen und Weggefahrten an Professor Dr. Karl Wohlmuth aus Anlass der Vollendung seines 65. Lebensjahres am 8. Dezember 2007. Die unterschiedlichen Themen der Festschriftbeitrage ergaben sich zwanglos aus den weitgefacherten wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Interessen von Karl Wohlmuth: Systemtheorie, Entwicklungstheorie, Arbeitsmarkttheorie, Transformationstheorie und Innovationstheorie - um nur einige der Felder zu benennen, die Karl Wohlmuth unter weltwirtschaftlichen Aspekten bearbeitet. *** This book is a gift to Professor Karl Wohlmuth, written by former students, friends, colleagues, and companions, to honour him on his 65th birthday, December 8th, 2007. The various subjects reflect Karl Wohlmuth's diverse interests in economics: system theory, development theory, labour market theory, transformation and innovation theories - to mention only a few of the areas which Karl Wohlmuth has addressed from a world economist's perspecti
Lagrange multiplier theory provides a tool for the analysis of a general class of nonlinear variational problems and is the basis for developing efficient and powerful iterative methods for solving these problems. This comprehensive monograph analyzes Lagrange multiplier theory and shows its impact on the development of numerical algorithms for problems posed in a function space setting. The authors develop and analyze efficient algorithms for constrained optimization and convex optimization problems based on the augumented Lagrangian concept and cover such topics as sensitivity analysis, convex optimization, second order methods, and shape sensitivity calculus. General theory is applied to challenging problems in optimal control of partial differential equations, image analysis, mechanical contact and friction problems, and American options for the Black-Scholes model.
This book focuses on the chemistry and applications of flame retardants for polymers and other materials. It starts with a description and types of flame retardants, as well as their properties and chemical structures, to include chlorine- and bromine-containing flame retardants, phosphorus-based flame retardants, nitrogen-based flame retardants, and silicones. Inorganic materials that serve as flame retardants, such as boron-based additives, graphenes, and others are discussed in detail. In addition, the following subjects are discussed in detail: Flame retardant polymers The mechanisms of flame retardants, such as flame cooling, synergetic effects, degradation of flame retardants, and others Other flame retardant compositions, such as dripping inhibitors and smoke suppressants Testing methods for flame retardants, international standards, human health hazards, such as smoke toxicity and problems with wastes Synthesis and fabrication methods, as well as recycling methods The application of flame retardants to the coating material using 3D printing, reactive coating, and bulk addition methods Non-burning comonomers, foams, nanocomposites and bio-based materials Flame retardants with other textiles, such as wool and electrical applications such as batteries
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