Moving from raw material to finished product, this book demonstrates how to solve the main process-related problems that crop up in chemical engineering practice. It demonstrates the steps required to determine how much of various materials and chemicals are needed to satisfy output requirements and how to compensate for energy gained or lost for each step of the process. Presenting easy-to-understand methods, illustrations, worked examples, and practice problems, that are ideal for students, it provides access to a wealth of current calculations needed by chemical process professionals in petroleum/petrochemicals and biotechnology.
This book provides an overview of the applications of ion beam techniques in oxide materials. Oxide materials exhibit defect-induced physical properties relevant to applications in sensing, optoelectronics and spintronics. Defects in these oxide materials also lead to magnetism in non-magnetic materials or to a change of magnetic ordering in magnetic materials. Thus, an understanding of defects is of immense importance. To date, ion beam tools are considered the most effective techniques for producing controlled defects in these oxides. This book will detail the ion beam tools utilized for creating defects in oxides.
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