This is the most comprehensive and readable one-volume reference book in print, accessible to lay readers and specialists alike, on the meaning of the American Constitution as the Supreme Court has interpreted it. It is an indispensable tool for students and lay persons who want to understand today's constitutional controversies and their background in our history. It is equally useful to lawyers and other specialists who seek quick reviews of constitutional issues with immediate reference to cases for further research. Unlike conventional treatises that discuss the Constitution clause by clause or under a few broad concepts, this book uniquely treats every aspect of the Constitution and every constitutional topic in alphabetical order, in more than 1,000 short essays. It is extensively cross-referenced and exhaustively indexed, so that even a reader with only a minimal notion of the Constitution or constitutional law can quickly find clear answers to questions about pressing issues of the day. Among the other unique features: a set of introductory essays on the background of the Constitution and the many difficulties of interpreting it; a concordance to each word and phrase in the Constitution; a year-by-year chronology of justices who have served on the Supreme Court; and a table of the more than 2,650 Supreme Court cases from 1792 to the present referred to in the book, listing the vote, the author of the majority opinion, the concurring and dissenting justices, and the length of the opinions.
Side-Stepping Normativity: Selected Short Stories by Sylvia Townsend Warner discusses Sylvia Townsend Warner's highly innovative narrative style, which does not conform to conventional modernist or postmodernist standards, and explores how Warner's short stories shift to off-centre positions. Side-Stepping Normativity further outlines the way in which Warner constantly challenges the categories we apply to classify our surroundings and analyses how Warner succeeds in creating queer, that is, non-heteronormative as well strange and peculiar stories without explicitly opposing the so-called norms of her time. In this, Side-Stepping Normativity joins a vibrant conversation in queer studies which revolves around the question how critics can approach literary texts from a non-antagonistic position. Rather than focussing on the role of the critic, however, this thesis shows that Warner's texts have long achieved what queer theorists seek to achieve on an analytical level.
The handbook is about the theoretical foundations, researches in forensic psychology, practices and applications in forensic settings. This handbook is divided into three parts first part of the book addresses the theoretical foundations of forensic psychology, comprising behavioural biometrics, forensic assessment, criminal behavior and overview of psychopathy. The second part of the book attempts to cover neuroscience techniques for the forensic examination of suspects, and the third part of the book addresses the issues related to forensic practices and their application.
Possibly the most comprehensive overview of computer graphics as seen in the context of geometric modelling, this two volume work covers implementation and theory in a thorough and systematic fashion. Computer Graphics and Geometric Modelling: Implementation and Algorithms, covers the computer graphics part of the field of geometric modelling and includes all the standard computer graphics topics. The first part deals with basic concepts and algorithms and the main steps involved in displaying photorealistic images on a computer. The second part covers curves and surfaces and a number of more advanced geometric modelling topics including intersection algorithms, distance algorithms, polygonizing curves and surfaces, trimmed surfaces, implicit curves and surfaces, offset curves and surfaces, curvature, geodesics, blending etc. The third part touches on some aspects of computational geometry and a few special topics such as interval analysis and finite element methods. The volume includes two companion programs.
Now in its fourth edition, this book is one of the leading texts on the evolution of electronic mass communication in the last century, giving students a clear understanding of how the media of yesterday shaped the media world of today. Now Media, Fourth Edition (formerly Electronic Media: Then, Now, Later) provides a comprehensive view of the beginnings of electronic media in broadcasting and the subsequent advancements into ‘now’ digital media. Each chapter is organized chronologically, starting with the electronic media of the past, then moving to the media of today, and finally, exploring the possibilities for the media of the future. Topics include the rise of social media, uses of personal communication devices, the film industry, and digital advertising, focusing along the way on innovations that laid the groundwork for ‘now’ television and radio and the Internet and social media. New to the fourth edition is a chapter on the amazing world of virtual reality technology, which has spawned a ‘now’ way of communicating with the world and becoming a part of video content, as well as a discussion of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on media consumption habits. This book remains a key text and trusted resource for students and scholars of digital mass communication and communication history alike. The new ‘now’ edition also features updated online instructor materials, including PowerPoint slides and test banks. Please visit www.routledge.com/cw/medoff to access these support materials.
White Collar Crime: The Essentials is a comprehensive, yet compact text addresses the most important topics in white collar crime, while allowing for more accessibility through cost. Author Brian Payne provides a theoretical framework and context for students and explores such timely topics as crimes by workers sales oriented systems, crimes in the health care system, crimes by criminal justice professionals and politicians, crimes in the educational system, crimes in the economic and technological systems, corporate crime, environmental crime, and others. This is an easily-supplemented resource for any course that covers white collar crime.
Updated with an exciting new chapter on political crime that highlights the debated connections between crime and politics, the Third Edition of White-Collar Crime: A Systems Approach provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the most important topics within white-collar crime. Brian K. Payne provides a theoretical framework and context for students to explore white-collar crime as a crime problem, a criminal justice problem, and a social problem. By introducing the topics within a systems-focused framework, Payne encourages students to examine the many types of white-collar crime as well as the various systems for responding to white-collar crime. Included with this text The online resources for your text are available via the password-protected Instructor Resource Site.
The second installment in Gavin K. Watt’s Revolutionary War series, I am heartily ashamed picks up where A dirty, trifling piece of business leaves off. It’s a new year with new challenges. An incredibly fierce Canadian winter was endured before raiding was resumed against the enemy’s frontiers. The rebels’ Mohawk region defence soon fell into disarray when two colonels jousted for control. Continued negotiations encouraged Vermont to not support the rebellion and the republic became a haven for loyalists escaping persecution. Vermont’s adherents even felt free to militarily challenge New York. After the poor results of Ross’s October raid, Haldimand chose to alter his strategy. For years, his native allies had sent small war parties against the frontiers and, that summer, he gave command of large projects to First Nations leaders whose methods greatly challenged the rebels. A new British ministry announced a cessation of arms in July, soon followed by peace talks. Despite the ceasefire, Washington ordered an attack on the new British post at Oswego, which failed miserably. When Haldimand discovered that the treaty’s articles threatened the security of Canada and made no provisions for the natives or loyalists, he confessed, "My soul is completely bowed down with grief I am heartily ashamed.
This latest volume in the definitive six-volume biography of Herbert Hoover tracks Hoover's life and career from 1918 to 1928 - a period defined largely by his role as United States Secretary of Commerce and leading directly to his election as the thirty-first President of the United States.
Psychological Processes in Pattern Recognition describes information-processing models of pattern recognition. This book is organized into five parts encompassing 11 chapters that particularly focus on visual pattern recognition and the many issues relevant to a more general theory of pattern recognition. The first three parts cover the representation, temporal effects, and memory codes of pattern recognition. These parts include the features, templates, schemata, and structural descriptions of information processing models. The principles of parallel matching, iconic storage, and the components and networks of memory codes are also considered. The remaining two parts look into the perceptual classification and response selection of pattern recognition. These parts specifically tackle the development of probability, distance, and recognition models. This book is intended primarily for psychologists, graduate students, and researchers who are interested in the problems of pattern recognition and human information processing.
Very thorough text that makes great use of high-profile cases to engage students and foster a passion for criminal justice." —Patricia Ahmed, South Dakota State University Introduction to Criminal Justice, Second Edition, provides students with balanced, comprehensive, and up-to-date coverage of all aspects of the criminal justice system. Authors Brian K. Payne, Willard M. Oliver, and Nancy E. Marion cover criminal justice from a student-centered perspective by identifying the key issues confronting today’s criminal justice professionals. Students are presented with objective, research-driven material through an accessible and concise writing style that makes the content easier to comprehend. By exploring criminal justice from a broad and balanced perspective, students will understand how decision making is critical to the criminal justice process and their future careers. The fully updated Second Edition has been completely revised to include new studies and current examples that are relatable to today’s students. Two new feature boxes have been added to this edition to help students comprehend and apply the content. "You Have the Right to..." gives insight into several Constitutional amendments and their relationship with criminal justice today; and "Politics and Criminal Justice" explores current political hot topics surrounding the justice system and the debates that occur on both sides of the political aisle.
For decades, the AAA Yearbook on Arbitration & the Law has served as an outstanding source of guidance on legal developments in the field of Alternative Dispute Resolution. In light of that history, the subject matter covered by this 26th edition is remarkable in the extent that it reflects continued and significant breadth in terms of the ADR issues explored. The continued expansion in the use of ADR for increasingly diverse types of disputes has raised important legal and policy questions, the magnitude of which is perhaps most clearly illustrated by the number of arbitration-related cases the Supreme Court of the United States takes up for review. Those matters are considered here, as are other contemporary ADR-related developments such as class action arbitrations and the enforceability of class action waivers. At the same time, the AAA Yearbook details cases that address what are historically some of the most frequently litigated and recurring issues. For example, courts are commonly presented with arbitrability disputes, the related issue of the allocation of authority among arbitrators and the courts, and questions regarding preemption of the Federal Arbitration Act over a state’s arbitration law. Despite decades of court decisions addressing those matters, courts continue to address still-evolving theories and differing fact patterns that can provide further direction and evolution in the law. The thorough coverage in the AAA Yearbook of these matters, in addition to many others, will serve as a valuable source of information to practitioners, academics, arbitrators, and those with an interest in ADR.
This book provides a novel criminological understanding of white-collar crime and corporate lawbreaking in China focusing on: lack of reliable official data, guanxi and corruption, state-owned enterprises, media censorship, enforcement and regulatory capacity. The text begins with an introduction to the topic placing it in global perspective, followed by chapters examining the importance of comparative study, corruption as a major crime in China, case studies and etiology, domestic, regional and global consequences, and concluding theoretical and policy issues that can inform future research.
Designed for upper-level survey legal drafting courses, this groundbreaking text explains drafting using a common vocabulary that applies to any legal document based on a fundamental rule structure, including statutes and other forms of public drafting as well as contracts and other forms of private drafting. This unified drafting approach gives students a common denominator approach to drafting all kinds of legal documents. In addition, students can use the techniques they’ve learned to deconstruct, interpret, and revise any kind of legal document composed of rules. This common-sense approach of teaching/learning a single vocabulary and set of skills to use in drafting any rules-based legal document is an innovative model for U.S. legal drafting courses, though it has been used in other countries for decades. Key Features: A unified approach that teaches students the general skills of drafting rules of law—duties, discretionary authority, and declarations, including their conditions in legal tests. Practice applying those skills to drafting a range of documents, including contracts, statutes, regulations, and other. Coverage of how courts interpret the rules and how to draft anticipating what the courts will do. An understanding of how law governs human behavior through the rules that students learn to draft. A wide range of classroom exercises on the detail of drafting. Additional drafting assignments, for use in and out of class, that help students learn how to use the rules and to accomplish clients’ goals.
The Rāmāyana of Vālmīki is considered by many contemporary Hindus to be a foundational religious text. But this understanding is in part the result of a transformation of the epic’s receptive history, a hermeneutic project which challenged one characterization of the genre of the text, as a work of literary culture, and replaced it with another, as a work of remembered tradition. This book examines Rāmāyana commentaries, poetic retellings, and praise-poems produced by intellectuals within the Śrīvaisnava order of South India from 1250 to 1600 and shows how these intellectuals reconceptualized Rāma’s story through the lens of their devotional metaphysics. Śrīvaisnavas applied innovative interpretive techniques to the Rāmāyana, including allegorical reading, ślesa reading (reading a verse as a double entendre), and the application of vernacular performance techniques such as word play, improvisation, repetition, and novel forms of citation. The book is of interest not only to Rāmāyana specialists but also to those engaged with Indian intellectual history, literary studies, and the history of religions.
Ensure children with disabilities and special healthcare needs achieve their full potential. Noted authorities Susan Effgen, Allyssa LaForme Fiss and a team of scholars and clinical experts explore the role of the physical therapist in meeting the needs of children and their families in a culturally appropriate content using a family-centered, abilities-based model. From the major body systems to assistive technology and intervention support, you’ll develop the clinical knowledge you need to provide a child with the very best care from initial examination to graduation from your services.
FROM THE INTRODUCTION This three-volume series, Bioremediation: Principles and Practice, provides state of the art description of advances in pollution treatment and reduction using biological means; identify and address, at a fundamental level, broad scientific and technological areas that are unique to the subject or theme and that must be understood if advances are to be made; and provide a comprehensive overview of new developments at the regulatory, desk-top, bench-scale, pilot scale, and full-scale levels. The series covers all media-air, water, and soil/sediment-and blends the talents, knowledge, and know-how of academic, industrial, governmental, and international contributors. The series addresses the removal of both hazardous and nonhazardous contaminants from the liquid, solid, and gas phase using biological processes. This includes the biological treatment of wastes of municipal and industrial origin; bioremediation of leachates, soils, and sediments; and biofiltration for contaminated gases.
Wally Yonamine was both the first Japanese American to play for an NFL franchise and the first American to play professional baseball in Japan after World War II. This is the unlikely story of how a shy young man from the sugar plantations of Maui overcame prejudice to integrate two professional sports in two countries. ø In 1951 the Tokyo Yomiuri Giants chose Yonamine as the first American to play in Japan during the Allied occupation. He entered Japanese baseball when mistrust of Americans was high?and higher still for Japanese Americans whose parents had left the country a generation earlier. Without speaking the language, he helped introduce a hustling style of base running, shaking up the game for both Japanese players and fans. Along the way, Yonamine endured insults, dodged rocks thrown by fans, initiated riots, and was threatened by yakuza (the Japanese mafia). He also won batting titles, was named the 1957 MVP, coached and managed for twenty-five years, and was honored by the emperor of Japan. Overcoming bigotry and hardship on and off the field, Yonamine became a true national hero and a member of Japan?s Baseball Hall of Fame.
The historical context of family violence is explored, as well as the various forms of violence, their prevalence in specific stages of life, and responses to it made by the criminal justice system and other agencies. The linkage among child abuse, partner violence and elder abuse is scrutinized, and the usefulness of the life-course approach is couched in terms of its potential effect on policy implications; research methods that recognize the importance of life stages, trajectories, and transitions; and crime causation theories that can be enhanced by it.
Inequality and injustice have long been part of the structure of our society, including law, crime, and the criminal justice system. Class, Race, Gender, and Crime, sixth edition explores the continuing impact of class, race, gender, sexuality, and their intersections – and how the “justice” system can recreate those oppressions. Broken into three parts, the book opens with an overview of the criminal justice-industrial complex and introspection about the biases in criminology. Part II, “Inequality and Privilege,” contains chapters to provide a foundation for understanding class, race, gender and sexuality and intersectionality. Part III, “The Administration of Law and Criminal Justice” covers criminal law, policing, prosecution and courts, and punishment, with headings in each chapter for class, race, gender and sexuality and intersectionality to provide systematic coverage. The text also highlights how immigration (“crimmigration”), child welfare, healthcare, and other systems are intertwined with criminal justice in the lives of different minority populations. Real-world examples of how class, race, and gender and sexuality unfold in sentencing and punishment bring theory to life, while chapter-opening vignettes illustrate key issues, and discussion questions encourage critical thinking. New to This Edition: New and expanded coverage of immigration enforcement highlights its connection to criminal justice and its importance for understanding social control in our society (Chapter 1, Chapter 4, Chapter 8, Chapter 9) Entirely revised Chapter 5, “Understanding Gender/Sexuality and Male/Heterosexual Privilege” offers modern and comprehensive understandings of gender and sexuality, including queer theory and queer criminology, that carries through later chapters Expanded Chapter 8, “Law Enforcement” and expanded Chapter 9, “Prosecution, Plea Bargains and Deportation,” offer new explorations such as policing of abortions and miscarriage, and immigration courts, respectively New conclusion discusses prison abolition, so readers can understand the debate and think for themselves about how deep the need for reform goes
This book provides corrections professionals and criminal justice students with a framework for understanding the white-collar offender as well as to help guide and assist those responsible for overseeing the incarceration of white-collar offenders. Four themes emerge as the basis for this book. The first is how massive white-collar crime is in its consequences and how our political system tends to afford opportunities to some white-collar offenders that are not afforded to street criminals. Second, how different supervision strategies are needed in order to ensure the efficiency and safety of institutional routines. Third, the author examines the imprisonment of white-collar offenders and what effects this has on this type of offender. Fourth, the author visits upon why sanctions to white-collar offenders should be proportionate to sanctions given to street offenders who committed similar offenses, but he also focuses on how the justice system can do a better job of meeting the needs of individual victims and the community by finding ways to restore the community rather than simply looking for ways to harm offenders. The book is intended for criminal justice professionals, academics, and researchers who want to better understand the role of the criminal justice system in punishing all types of offenders. It is also intended for use in criminal justice, corrections, sociology, and white-collar courses exploring the punishment of elite offenders. Through promoting understanding about this aspect of the response to white-collar misconduct, it is hoped that this book will help improve the whole justice system's response to these offenses.
At once a unique textbook for methods courses and a major contribution to sociological theory, this book teaches students the principles of research and how to construct and test theories. It brings coherence to the study of methods by presenting four major approaches to experimentation: survey research, participant observation, life histories, and unobtrusive measures from a single theoretical point of view, symbolic interaction. It demonstrates the need for a synthesis between theory and methods, and shows how different methods limit and aff ect research results. Denzin's argues that no single method, theory, or observer can capture all that is relevant or important in reality. He argues for the use of triangulation and for a view of theory and methods as "concept sensitizers." His approach enables sociologists to acquire specifi c facts about a particular situation while simultaneously elevating these to the level of shared meaning. The author shows students how to proceed with research, bringing sharply into focus the possibilities and their limitations. Since his view is integrated rather than eclectic, this is much more than a "how to do it" manual. Denzin points out aspects of research that fall outside the scope of a given method yet aff ect results, and emphasizes the need to employ several methods to cross-check each other. The Research Act covers all the content of conventional methods courses. The presentation is exciting and imaginative, and provides a thorough review of major sociological methods, a cogent statement about approaches to sociological inquiry, and a source from which a understanding of the problems of research can be derived.
Just because the art is beautiful doesn't mean the artist was a saint . . . Scoundrels, Cads, and Other Great Artists examines the lives of nine great artists who were less than exemplary human beings in their lives outside of their art. It explores the question, “Why do we like magnificent art from artists who were awful human beings?” For example, the great Baroque painter, Caravaggio, who developed the chiaroscuro style of painting, was in constant trouble with the law, even having killed a man in a duel. Frederick Remington, the great painter of the American West, was an incredible racist and bigot. His evocative paintings of Native Americans on the trail on horseback give no hint of Remington’s enmity toward them and other ethnic groups in America. Jackson Pollock? His irascibility and petulance were compounded by a lifelong battle with alcoholism, ultimately leading to a fatal automobile accident. Whistler and Courbet were philanderers and libertines. Scoundrels introduces people to great art by showing the more salacious side of the personal lives of great artists over time. This book not only tells the stories of a dozen artists, but explores how to look at art and the separation between art and artist. This lively narrative is enhanced by over 100 full-color reproductions of great paintings and details from them.
This book will help to advance understanding among policymakers, practitioners, and educators and prepare them to limit the negative consequences associated with victimization of older adults. This second edition builds on the earlier edition in five ways. First, new research has been added into each chapter. Second, the tables and figures have been updated, with applied critical thinking questions now included in order to make the tables and figures more interactive with readers. Third, various sections have been added in different chapters. Fourth, chapters 2-7 now include box inserts which include brief overviews written by professionals who are discussing some aspect of elder abuse. Finally, chapter 7 has been added. This new edition will help shed some light on what can be done to prevent elderly persons from being victimized, or at least minimize the consequences of victimization when abuse does occur. It will be of interest to those in several different disciplines, including criminology, gerontology, social work, social welfare, sociology, psychology, victimology, medicine and other social sciences.
This special bundle collects five titles by military history specialist Gavin K. Watt. This series has a unique focus: The American War of Independence viewed from the perspective of British operations in the north. The Burning of the Valleys concerns a decisive campaign against the northern frontier of New York in the fifth year of the war. A Dirty, Trifling Piece of Business is about operations in the sixth year, including in the south. In Poisoned by Lies and Hypocrisy, Watt explores the first two campaigns of the American Revolution through their impact on Canada and describes how a motley group of militia, American loyalists, and British regulars managed to defend Quebec and repel the invaders. Rebellion in the Mohawk Valley concerns the campaign that led to the destruction of British-held Fort Ticonderoga. These titles are essential reading for military history, early Canadian history, and War of Independence history buffs. Includes: The Burning of the Valleys A Dirty, Trifling Piece of Business I Am Heartily Ashamed Poisoned by Lies and Hypocrisy Rebellion in the Mohawk Valley
In 1957 Ghana became one of the first sub-Saharan African nations to gain independence from colonial rule. Over the next decade, hundreds of African Americans--including Martin Luther King Jr., George Padmore, Malcolm X, Maya Angelou, Richard Wright, Pauli Murray, and Muhammad Ali--visited or settled in Ghana. Kevin K. Gaines explains what attracted these Americans to Ghana and how their new community was shaped by the convergence of the Cold War, the rise of the U.S. civil rights movement, and the decolonization of Africa. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's president, posed a direct challenge to U.S. hegemony by promoting a vision of African liberation, continental unity, and West Indian federation. Although the number of African American expatriates in Ghana was small, in espousing a transnational American citizenship defined by solidarities with African peoples, these activists along with their allies in the United States waged a fundamental, if largely forgotten, struggle over the meaning and content of the cornerstone of American citizenship--the right to vote--conferred on African Americans by civil rights reform legislation.
Robert K. Merton is unarguably one of the most influential sociologists of his time. A figure whose wide-ranging theoretical and methodological contributions have become fundamental to the field, Merton is best known for introducing such concepts and procedures as unanticipated consequences, self-fulfilling prophecies, focused group interviews, middle-range theory, opportunity structure, and analytic paradigms. This definitive compilation encompasses the breadth and brilliance of his works, from the earliest to the most recent. Merton's foundational writings on social structure and process, on the sociology of science and knowledge, and on the discipline and trajectory of sociology itself are all powerfully represented, as are his autobiographical insights in a fascinating coda. Anchored by Piotr Sztompka's contextualizing introduction, Merton's vast oeuvre emerges as a dynamic and profoundly coherent system of thought, a constant source of vitality and renewal for present and future sociology.
This is an ornithological bibliography for the counties of England, Wales, and Scotland and for the Isle of Man. It includes all known books, pamphlets and papers which contain substantial studies of the birds of local areas, from a county down to a back garden or a gravel pit. Each county has an introduction on its boundaries and the history of its ornithology. There has been no comprehensive national publication of this kind since Mullens, Swann and Jourdain's Geographical Bibliography in 1920. The volume also provides a detailed record of the many county and local bird reports and of the ever-increasing number of area surveys produced by statutory and voluntary bodies. The material is arranged by the pre-1974 counties and takes the record up to 1995. There are maps to show the many changes in county boundaries since 1800.The book will be a standard reference work for libraries and collectors, and for anyone interested in the rich and diverse development of local ornithology in its homeland.
This book describes the WTO from its post-WWII beginnings in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade through a series of negotiated enhancements of these agreements. It describes the WTO's origins, structure, and growing pains as it has had to face challenges from within and without.
This book is the first one to examine stress in primary health care professionals in the UK - the professionals who are in the frontline of medical care in a rapidly changing society. It is a detailed literate review of stress in general and includes the results of studies on primary health care professionals. It contains extensive material from face-to-face interviews with each profession and practical advice on how they can manage stress.
Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., is the seventh most important food crop world-wide. Of all root and tuber crops, it is second in importance to the white potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Despite its importance globally, sweet potato pest management has not received the research attention it deserves. The present book draws on the work of resear
The twenty-six articles in this edited volume provide perspective on the interrelated issues surrounding the use of drugs in society. Although drugs have long been a social problem, the importance of the issue—and the involvement of the criminal justice system—have varied across time. Public concern has typically centered on illegal drugs, but the drug issue today is even more complex given the impact of prescription drugs. Exaggeration has been a constant theme in the history of public policy on drugs, usually playing on public fear to demonize specific drugs and users. Some drugs are more dangerous than others. The variations in effects impact enforcement, prevention, and treatment. If we are going to criminalize drugs and drug usage, policies and penalties should be based on the relative dangerousness of a drug or class of drugs. Policies can reduce harm, create harm, or both. Our current drug policies attempt to reduce harm through law enforcement. We arrest anyone involved in drug activities under the premise of protecting society. These same policies, however, result in the incarceration of large numbers of people; they are expensive; they overburden the criminal justice system; and they have lasting consequences for those caught up in the drug war no matter how minor their offenses. Drug policies should be weighed carefully, implementing those that result in the least amount of harm to society. The editors have collected timely articles that provide perspective and a foundation for an informed approach to addressing problems associated with drug use.
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