We propose a theoretical, yet realistic agent-based model and simulation platform of animal embryogenesis, called MecaGen, centered on the physico-chemical coupling of cell mechanics with gene expression and molecular signaling. This project aims to investigate the multiscale dynamics of the early stages of biological morphogenesis. Here, embryonic development is viewed as an emergent, self-organized phenomenon based on a myriad of cells and their genetically regulated, and regulating, biomechanical behavior. Cells’ mechanical properties (such as division rate, adhesion strength, or intrinsic motility) are closely correlated with their spatial location and temporal state of genetic and molecular dynamics (such as internal protein and external ligand concentrations) and affect each other concurrently. In a second part, we illustrate our model on artificial data (gene regulation motifs and cell sorting), then demonstrate a customization and application to a real biological case study in the zebrafish early development. We use as an example the episode of intercalation patterns appearing during the first phase of epiboly and the movements of the deep cells between the yolk and the enveloping layer. A domain of the model’s multidimensional parameter space is explored systematically, while experimental data obtained from microscopy imaging of live embryos is used to measure the “fitness” of the virtual embryo and validate our hypotheses.
Dictionary of South American Trees provides a single-source reference for botanists, biologists, ecologists, and climatologists on the many native trees in South America. The index lets readers find a tree in four languages, by its common name, or abbreviation, followed by taxonomy that includes common uses for each part of the tree. Using this information, scientists and students can identify and classify plants, their growth structure and environment, the uses of their products, and alternative options with similar characteristics. - Complete coverage of all native South American trees—the only single-source reference for botanists, biologists, ecologists and climatologists working in this diverse and changing region - Includes taxonomy at genera, species, sub-species, and varietal levels, providing information from the most basic level up and allowing readers to identify their subjects using numerous criteria - Indicates Latin, English, French, and Spanish names as well as common names and abbreviations, facilitating accurate and efficient identification - Provides growth information, climatology, ecology and uses for the tree to provide insight into each tree as well as for comparative purposes when seeking similar tree-based resources
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