Some sciences are of yesterday; others stretch far back into the youth of time. Among these there is one of the beginnings of which we have lost all trace, so coeval was it with the commencement of man’s history; and that science is the one of which we have to trace the instrumental developments. Although our chief task is to enlarge upon the modern, it will not be well, indeed it is impossible, to neglect the old, because, if for no other reason, the welding of old and new has been so perfect, the conquest of the unknown so gradual. The best course therefore will be to distribute the different fields of thought and work into something like marked divisions, and to commence by dividing the whole time during which man has been observing the heavens into two periods, which we will call the Pre-telescopic and the Telescopic Ages. The work of the Pre-telescopic age of course includes all the early observations made by the unaided eye, while that of the Telescopic age includes those of vastly different kinds, which that instrument had rendered possible; so that it divides itself naturally into some three or four sub-ages of extreme importance. It is unnecessary to say one word here on the importance of the invention of the telescope; it is well for the present purpose, however, to emphasize the further distinctions we obtain when we consider the various additions made from time to time to the telescope. The Telescope, in fact, was comparatively little used until astronomy annexed that important branch of physics to its aid which gave us a Clock—a means of dividing time in the most accurate manner. In quite recent times the addition of the Camera to the Telescope marks an important advance; indeed the importance of photography is not yet recognised in the way it should be. Then, again, there is the addition of the Spectroscope, which, though it is only now beginning to yield us rich fruit, really dates from the beginning of the present century. This is an ally to the telescope of such power that he would be a bold man who would venture to set bounds to the conquests their combined forces will make. Now not only is it essential for the proper understanding of the instruments used nowadays in every observatory, by every stargazer, to go back to the origin of the science of observation, but in no other way can one fully see in what way the new instrumental methods have added themselves to the old ones. Further, it is of importance to go back to the actual old field of work in which the geometric conceptions which grew up in the minds of the men of ancient time—conceptions which we are now utilizing and extending—were gradually elaborated. To do this, there is no better way than to dwell very briefly on the work actually done by the old astronomers.
Presents a comprehensive reference to astronomy and space exploration, with articles on space technology, astronauts, stars, planets, key theories and laws and more.
Presents an introduction to human space exploration, discussing the evolution of space technology that has allowed the human race to go from merely orbiting the Earth to landing on the Moon and living for months in a space station.
Extreme States of Matter, Revised Edition takes the reader on a journey across the most exciting scientific frontiers of the 21st century. Supported by full-color illustrations, this reference describes the unusual characteristics and properties of matter at extreme states. Such extreme states include matter at exceptionally high temperatures, exceptionally low temperatures, incredibly high pressures, intense magnetic fields, and intense gravitational fields. Readers will explore how the properties and characteristics of extreme-state matter might influence the course of human civilization in this century in this up-to-date reference edition. Chapters include: An Initial Look at Matter Nearing Extreme Conditions Birth of the Universe Atomism Very Hot Matter Life Cycles of Stars The Dark Side of the Universe Very Cold Matter Antimatter Beyond Einstein Living and Thinking Matter.
Gaseous Matter, Revised Edition takes readers through many important discoveries that led to the scientific interpretation of gaseous matter. This updated resource describes the fundamental characteristics and properties of several important gases, including air, hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and nitrogen. The nature and scope of the science of fluids is discussed in great detail, highlighting the most important scientific principles upon which the field is based. Gaseous Matter, Revised Edition identifies the wide range of applications that gaseous matter plays in nearly all professional scientific and engineering fields. Chapters include: Gaseous Matter—An Initial Perspective Physical Characteristics of Gases The Rise of the Science of Gases Kinetic Theory of Gases Earth's Atmosphere Wind—Its Power and Applications Air Pollution Human Flight Some Interesting Gases Gases for Energy.
Contains a referential glossary of astronomy-related terms, biographies of important astronomers and astronauts, and a chronology of notable events contributing to the science.
Some of life's most essential activities such as power generation, air transportation, space exploration, sewage systems, and modern medicine depend upon humankind's ability to understand and predict how liquids and gases behave. Liquid Matter, Revised Edition gives an in-depth look into the fundamental characteristics of various liquids required for life on Earth and beyond. With liquids being one of the three most familiar states of matter encountered on Earth, this reference describes the role of liquids in Earth's most essential processes. This newly updated edition focuses on several important liquids, including water, blood, oil, and mercury, highlighting the most important scientific principles upon which the field is based. Chapters include: Liquid Matter—An Initial Perspective Physical Characteristics of Liquids Fundamentals of Fluid Science Water—Nature's Most Amazing Molecule The Oceans Water—Its Power and Applications Liquid Refreshments Lethal Liquids Volcanoes, Hot Springs, and Geysers Very Cold Liquids.
The Secret Agent is set in the seedy world of Adolf Verloc, a storekeeper and double agent in late-Victorian London who pretends to sympathize with a group of international anarchists but reports on their activities to both the Russian embassy and the British government. As he is drawn further into a terrorist bombing plot, his family also becomes involved, with devastating consequences. Based on a real-life failed anarchist plot, The Secret Agent is both intimately engaged with its historical moment and profoundly relevant today. This new Broadview Edition helps to recreate the historical context that informed Conrad’s preoccupations with global terrorism, human degeneration, the relativity of time, and the position of women.
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