This study has shown that higher levels of carbon supported greater biofilm growth and planktonic populations on the materials that were tested, although the effect was most pronounced on iron pipe. Utilities with significant amounts of iron pipe in their distribution systems may be faced with the greatest regrowth potential. For utilities that also distribute water that is high in natural carbon, this problem may be compounded. Therefore, reducing the organic carbon in the finished water may be effective for any utility wishing to reduce regrowth problems in their distribution system. Other alternatives for utilities wishing to reduce biofilms in the distribution system can include any or all of the following: replacing or relining iron pipe in the system, increasing disinfectant, and implementing effective corrosion control. Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003
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Studying the art writing and critique of the three leading art writers of the latter 20th century with focus on canonical modern artists, Harris brings us this study which assesses the development of modern art writing.
This paradigm-shifting study is the first book-length investigation into the compositional dates of the New Testament to be published in over forty years. It argues that, with the notable exception of the undisputed Pauline Epistles, most New Testament texts were composed twenty to thirty years earlier than is typically supposed by contemporary biblical scholars. What emerges is a revised view of how quickly early Christians produced what became the seminal texts for their new movement.
When water leaves a treatment works and travels through a distribution system, its quality, with respect to many chemical and biological parameters, will degrade. The quality of the delivered water will be largely influenced by: .The quality of treated water supplied into the network .The condition of distribution assets within the network .The retention time within the network. The water industry has focused predominantly on the quality of treated water and the physical condition of distribution assets when improving the quality of water at the customer's tap. However the quality of the water delivered is also affected by the time the water is retained in the different elements of the distribution network. Retention time is controlled both by the physical characteristics of the system and the operational regime. Physical characteristics such as pipe roughness may change throughout the life of the asset or be modified by rehabilitation. Operational activities may be structured; for example, pump scheduling and planned maintenance, or uncontrolled as in the case of demand driven operational responses. Changes to water quality result from the reactions in the bulk water with time and through the chemical and biological reactions with the distribution system materials with which The chemical and biological reactions in the bulk water are relatively well understood enabling development of models and software for predicting changes. The reactions of the water at the pipe-water interface are more complex and less well understood. The aim of this research is to demonstrate that water quality within distribution networks can be managed effectively by controlling retention time and to develop practical and pragmatic methodologies for doing so.
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