This book provides a systematic approach to knowledge representation, computation, and learning using higher-order logic. For those interested in computational logic, it provides a framework for knowledge representation and computation based on higher-order logic, and demonstrates its advantages over more standard approaches based on first-order logic. For those interested in machine learning, the book explains how higher-order logic provides suitable knowledge representation formalisms and hypothesis languages for machine learning applications.
In the two and a half years since the frrst edition of this book was published, the field of logic programming has grown rapidly. Consequently, it seemed advisable to try to expand the subject matter covered in the first edition. The new material in the second edition has a strong database flavour, which reflects my own research interests over the last three years. However, despite the fact that the second edition has about 70% more material than the first edition, many worthwhile topic!! are still missing. I can only plead that the field is now too big to expect one author to cover everything. In the second edition, I discuss a larger class of programs than that discussed in the first edition. Related to this, I have also taken the opportunity to try to improve some of the earlier terminology. Firstly, I introduce "program statements", which are formulas of the form A+-W, where the head A is an atom and the body W is an arbitrary formula. A "program" is a finite set of program statements. There are various restrictions of this class. "Normal" programs are ones where the body of each program statement is a conjunction of literals. (The terminology "general", used in the first edition, is obviously now inappropriate).
Social scientists seek to develop systematic ways to understand how people make meaning and how the meanings they make shape them and the world in which they live. But how do we measure such processes? Measuring Culture is an essential point of entry for both those new to the field and those who are deeply immersed in the measurement of meaning. Written collectively by a team of leading qualitative and quantitative sociologists of culture, the book considers three common subjects of measurement—people, objects, and relationships—and then discusses how to pivot effectively between subjects and methods. Measuring Culture takes the reader on a tour of the state of the art in measuring meaning, from discussions of neuroscience to computational social science. It provides both the definitive introduction to the sociological literature on culture as well as a critical set of case studies for methods courses across the social sciences.
Classic anthropology is Bennett''s label for the work produced by anthropologists between 1915 and 1955. In this book, Bennett criticises classic anthropology for ne glecting the contemporary world and modern societies.
We must seek to build a Russia based on three sound principlesPeaceLandand Bread. NOTHING ELSE!!! William Donaldson, newly promoted Charge dAffaires for the United States Embassy in Petrograd, (formerly Saint Petersburg) Russia, could only cringe at hearing Lenins stirring proclamation announcing the primary goals for the Petrograd Soviet. These ambitious words ran counter to the aims of his employerthe American government. As an American diplomat during the administration of President Woodrow Wilson, William is obligated to support his countrys self-serving objectives. But as the husband to Sonjya Mastrova, a Russian nation, William is torn: must he care out his duty or advocate a cause which he knows in his heart to be morally and ethically right? Since he was a conscripted diplomat, being named embassy charge daffaires should have been the crowning achievement for William Donaldson. However, as Russia spirals ever deeper into chaos and revolution, his posting becomes a curse. Caught up in a web of intrigue woven by Americas inept, luxury-loving ambassadors, William is a witness to the final overthrow of Russias imperial family. His dealings with the weak Russian provisional government will provide William with a textbook example chronicling the pitfalls of democracy. As the faltering democratic provisional government splinters and becomes mired in gridlock, the Russian people become truly desperate. Knowing how desperate people will do desperate things, the situation becomes ripe for Vladimir Lenin and his henchmen to finally implement their own vision for Russias future without any annoying outside interference. When that model is forcibly imposed, William can only lament at what he sees as the consequence for the Russian people of being yoked to the science of communism: Is Russias exploited peasant population any better off than they were before?
Lycoming College, 1812-2012: On the Frontiers of American Education is the story of Lycoming College, a liberal arts and sciences college in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The College is one of the fifty oldest institutions of higher education in the nation and is the oldest that retains a relationship to the United Methodist Church. The College shares many characteristics with peer institutions which have retained the liberal arts and sciences as the basis of their academic programs. It also has the distinction of having evolved through four different stages of American education, and has reached a fifth. It began as the Williamsport Academy in 1812, a school that offered a higher level of education than common schools. Academies became the ancestors of public high schools. In 1848 a group of Methodists bought the Academy and transformed it into Dickinson Seminary, soon renamed Williamsport Dickinson Seminary. It was a preparatory school, not a school of theology, despite its name. In 1929 the leaders of the Seminary added a Junior College to their school. Junior colleges were a new frontier of American education in the early 20th Century and Dickinson Junior College became the first fully accredited private junior college in Pennsylvania. After World War II the Junior College became a four year institution and chose the name Lycoming. In 2000 the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching included Lycoming in its list of 213 national liberal arts colleges. This latest frontier has become a challenge to the College to sustain its program in an ever changing American educational landscape.
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