This book models an idealized neuron as being driven by basic electrical elements, the goal being to systematically characterize the logical properties of neural pulses. In order to constitute a system, neurons as pulsating devices may be represented using novel circuit elements as delineated in this book. A plausible brain system is implied by the delineated elements and logically follows from known and likely properties of a neuron. New to electrical science are novel pulse-related circuit elements involving recursive neurons. A recursive neuron, when properly excited, produces a self-sustaining pulse train that when sampled, provides a true output with a specified probability, and a false output with complementary probability. Because of its similarity to the qubits of quantum mechanics, the recursive pulsating neuron is termed a simulated qubit. Recursive neurons easily function as controlled toggle devices and so are capable of massively parallel calculations, this being a new dimension in brain functioning as described in this book. Simulated qubits and their possibilities are compared to the qubits of quantum physics. Included in the book are suggested neural circuits for associative memory search via a randomized process of cue selection, and neural circuits for priority calculations. These serve to select returns from long term memory, which in turn determines one's next conscious thought or action based on past memorized experiences. The book reports on proposals involving electron tunneling between synapses, and quantum computations within neurons. Although not a textbook, there are easy exercises at the ends of chapters, and in the appendix there are twelve simulation experiments concerning neurons.
Gain a new perspective on how the brain works and inspires new avenues for design in computer science and engineering This unique book is the first of its kind to introduce human memory and basic cognition in terms of physical circuits, beginning with the possibilities of ferroelectric behavior of neural membranes, moving to the logical properties of neural pulses recognized as solitons, and finally exploring the architecture of cognition itself. It encourages invention via the methodical study of brain theory, including electrically reversible neurons, neural networks, associative memory systems within the brain, neural state machines within associative memory, and reversible computers in general. These models use standard analog and digital circuits that, in contrast to models that include non-physical components, may be applied directly toward the goal of constructing a machine with artificial intelligence based on patterns of the brain. Writing from the circuits and systems perspective, the author reaches across specialized disciplines including neuroscience, psychology, and physics to achieve uncommon coverage of: Neural membranes Neural pulses and neural memory Circuits and systems for memorizing and recalling Dendritic processing and human learning Artificial learning in artificial neural networks The asset of reversibility in man and machine Electrically reversible nanoprocessors Reversible arithmetic Hamiltonian circuit finders Quantum versus classical Each chapter introduces and develops new material and ends with exercises for readers to put their skills into practice. Appendices are provided for non-experts who want a quick overview of brain anatomy, brain psychology, and brain scanning. The nature of this book, with its summaries of major bodies of knowledge, makes it a most valuable reference for professionals, researchers, and students with career goals in artificial intelligence, intelligent systems, neural networks, computer architecture, and neuroscience. A solutions manual is available for instructors; to obtain a copy please email the editorial department at ialine@wiley.com.
This book takes you on a unique journey through American history, taking time to consider the forces that shaped the development of various cities and regions, and arrives at an unexpected conclusion regarding sustainability. From the American Dream to globalization to the digital and information revolutions, we assume that humans have taken control of our collective destinies in spite of potholes in the road such as the Great Recession of 2007-2009. However, these attitudes were formed during a unique 100-year period of human history in which a large but finite supply of fossil fuels was tapped to feed our economic and innovation engine. Today, at the peak of the Oil Age, the horizon looks different. Cities such as Los Angeles, Phoenix and Las Vegas are situated where water and other vital ecological services are scarce, and the enormous flows of resources and energy that were needed to create the megalopolises of the 20th century will prove unsustainable. Climate change is a reality, and regional impacts will become increasingly severe. Economies such as Las Vegas, which are dependent on discretionary income and buffeted by climate change, are already suffering the fate of the proverbial canary in the coal mine. Finite resources will mean profound changes for society in general and the energy-intensive lifestyles of the US and Canada in particular. But not all regions are equally vulnerable to these 21st-century megatrends. Are you ready to look beyond “America’s Most Livable Cities” to the critical factors that will determine the sustainability of your municipality and region? Find out where your city or region ranks according to the forces that will impact our lives in the next years and decades. Find out how: ·resource availability and ecological services shaped the modern landscape ·emerging megatrends will make cities and regions more or less livable in the new century ·your city or region ranks on a “sustainability” map of the United States ·urban metabolism puts large cities at particular risk ·sustainability factors will favor economic solutions at a local, rather than global, level ·these principles apply to industrial economies and countries globally. This book should be cited as follows: J. Day, C. Hall, E. Roy, M. Moersbaecher, C. D'Elia, D. Pimentel, and A. Yanez. 2016. America's most sustainable cities and regions: Surviving the 21st century megatrends. Springer, New York. 348 p.
Professionals in law enforcement and those considering law enforcement as a career; students of sociology, psychology, criminal justice, and law and criminology courses; and readers of true-crime literature will find this book an engaging and informative reference."--BOOK JACKET.
• Hundreds of unique color photos showing how soldiers decorated their helicopters during the Vietnam War • Includes stories and anecdotes from pilots, crews, and artists, focusing on how helicopters got their names and how the artwork was created • Will appeal to Vietnam veterans, modelers, military and U.S. history buffs, and fans of modern American folk art and pop culture
This is the definitive work on Americans taken prisoner during the Revolutionary War. The bulk of the book is devoted to personal accounts, many of them moving, of the conditions endured by U.S. prisoners at the hands of the British, as preserved in journals or diaries kept by physicians, ships' captains, and the prisoners themselves. Of greater genealogical interest is the alphabetical list of 8,000 men who were imprisoned on the British vessel The Old Jersey, which the author copied from the papers of the British War Department and incorporated in the appendix to the work. Also included is a Muster Roll of Captain Abraham Shepherd's Company of Virginia Riflemen and a section on soldiers of the Pennsylvania Flying Camp who perished in prison, 1776-1777.
Gathered here for the first time are Miles J. Breuer s first publication, The Man with the Strange Head ; his neglected dystopian novel Paradise and Iron (appearing here in book form for the first time); stories such as Gostak and the Doshes and Mechanocracy ; and Breuer s essay The Future of Scientifiction, one of the early critical statements of the genre. Also included are some of the author s letters from the Discussions column of Amazing Stories. Much of what we know as science fiction saw the light and found its themes, styles, and modes in the science fiction magazines of the early twentieth century. It was in these magazines of the 1920s and 1930s that Breuer often led the way. Breuer himself found his inspiration in the work of H. G. Wells and in turn influenced science fiction masters from Jack Williamson to Robert A. Heinlein. The Man with the Strange Head and Other Early Science Fiction Stories collects the best work of this pioneer of the genre.
This reference guide throws light on almost every aspect of postwar international history from the rise of Mao's China to the Bosnian Civil War. It provides a huge wealth of information on East-West relations setting events, crises and conflicts in their full international context.
This report was compiled & edited by the interagency Marbled Murrelet Conservation Assessment Core Team. The 37 chapters cover both original studies & literature reviews of many aspects of the species' biology, ecology, & conservation needs. It includes new information on the forest habitat used for nesting, marine distribution, & demographic analyses; & describes past & potential effects of humans on the species habitats. Future research needs & possible management strategies for both marine & forest habitats are suggested. Charts & tables.
The author continues his celebration of American cuisine with a history of backyard barbecues, fast-food restaurants, and gourmet burgers, in a volume complemented by fifteen recipes.
A biography that takes a penetrating look at Edgar Rice Burroughs, the writer who invented the superhero of the century--Tarzan--whose adventures continue to enthrall audiences. of photos.
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