The various sharing initiatives seen in the Nordic countries over the last years within transportation, housing/accommodation, sharing/renting of smaller capital goods and personal services could yield considerable benefits for consumers due to better quality and/or lower prices of the services. They also have a potential for emissions reductions of CO2 and local pollutants. However, savings from lower prices could lead to increased emissions from increased demand of the services (particularly transport) and increased spending on other goods and services. Depending on how consumers spend their savings, these changes could partly, wholly or more than offset the initial emission reductions. The impacts on overall CO2 emissions depend on whether the emissions are taxed, part of the emissions trading system EU ETS or not regulated at all.
The report discusses the theoretical principles for an efficient environmental and distribution policy and offers a comprehensive survey of experiences from policy reforms in different countries. The reform survey forms a background to recommendations for implementation of sustainable policy reforms, taking care of environmental, economic and distributional concerns. It particularly brings in the Nordic experiences, both to enlighten the problems with environmentally harmful subsidies in these countries, and to discuss what can be learned from the experiences in a broader international context. The analysis has been carried out during the period October 2010 - May 2011. The study was carried out by Vista Analyse AS and commissioned by the Nordic Council of Ministers for the Environment.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has increased dramatically over recent years within the European Economic Area (EEA). Much of this waste is potentially damaging for humans and the environment if not collected and treated in a sound manner. EU-directive 2002/96, which was to be implemented by all EEA member states by August 13, 2005, places full financial responsibility of the management of WEEE on producers and importers, and aims to protect consumers from the risk that a producer exits on the market without fulfilling these financial obligations. The directive calls for a financial guarantee provided by producers at the time that electrical and electronic products are placed on the market. The Nordic Council of Ministers has asked ECON to develop a method for calculating producer contributions as a financial guarantee that would cover the collection and treatment of WEEE from private households, as provided for in article 8 in the EU directive. This report proposes a model for this purpose.
After the recent financial and economic crisis, greening the economy has become a major focus for international and national discussions: How to combine forceful and effective action to meet climate change and other environmental challenges with stronger and more sustainable economic development, in both developed and developing countries. This synthesis report on the Nordic countries' environmental policy experiences, focuses on the use of economic instruments and how this policy has contributed to the integration of environmental concerns into economic growth and development policies. The report demonstrates that the Nordic countries have been successful in achieving substantial reductions in several major pollutants and clear improvements in local and regional environmental quality, while maintaining an internationally respectable rate of economic growth. This decoupling of economic development from growth in emissions has been achieved through a range of policy instruments, with a strong and increasing element of economic, market-based instruments. The challenge, and the opportunity, for the Nordic countries is to strengthen and deepen such policies, with even more effective design of and combination of policy instruments, to deal with new and remaining threats to the local, national and international environment.
The various sharing initiatives seen in the Nordic countries over the last years within transportation, housing/accommodation, sharing/renting of smaller capital goods and personal services could yield considerable benefits for consumers due to better quality and/or lower prices of the services. They also have a potential for emissions reductions of CO2 and local pollutants. However, savings from lower prices could lead to increased emissions from increased demand of the services (particularly transport) and increased spending on other goods and services. Depending on how consumers spend their savings, these changes could partly, wholly or more than offset the initial emission reductions. The impacts on overall CO2 emissions depend on whether the emissions are taxed, part of the emissions trading system EU ETS or not regulated at all.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has increased dramatically over recent years within the European Economic Area (EEA). Much of this waste is potentially damaging for humans and the environment if not collected and treated in a sound manner. EU-directive 2002/96, which was to be implemented by all EEA member states by August 13, 2005, places full financial responsibility of the management of WEEE on producers and importers, and aims to protect consumers from the risk that a producer exits on the market without fulfilling these financial obligations. The directive calls for a financial guarantee provided by producers at the time that electrical and electronic products are placed on the market. The Nordic Council of Ministers has asked ECON to develop a method for calculating producer contributions as a financial guarantee that would cover the collection and treatment of WEEE from private households, as provided for in article 8 in the EU directive. This report proposes a model for this purpose.
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