Over a distinguished academic career, the Canadian philosopher and scholar John Woods has written on a rich variety of topics central to contemporary philosophy. These include the history and philosophy of logic, deviant logics, inductive and abductive reasoning, informal reasoning, fallacy theory, the logic of fiction, epistemology, and abortion and euthanasia. Not only has Woods' work been significant in itself, it has also stimulated others working in these fields. Mistakes of Reason is a tribute to Woods and contains twenty-six new essays by leading Canadian and international philosophers. The essays are accompanied by commentaries by Woods himself, creating a unique dialogue between Woods and his colleagues. Editors Kent A. Peacock and Andrew D. Irvine have grouped the works under the themes of Reality, Knowledge, Logic and Language, Reasoning, and Values. The essays evaluate Woods' work and celebrate the generous contribution that he has made to Canada's intellectual development over the past forty years.
This book provides an important contribution to the new and growing field of ‘narrative-based medicine’. It specifically addresses the largest area of medical activity, primary care. It provides both a theoretical framework and practical skills for dealing with individual consultations, family work, clinical supervision and teamwork, and offers a comprehensive approach to the whole range of work in primary care. Using a wide range of clinical examples, it shows how professionals in primary care can help clarify patients’ existing stories, and elucidate new stories. It can be used as a training resource and includes exercises and summaries of key points to consider. It is based on, and describes, an established evaluated training method, and is of immediate and significant practical use to readers. It is essential reading for general practitioners, practice nurses and others in the primary care team, psychologists, family therapists, counsellors and other professionals attached to primary care. GP trainers, tutors and course organisers will find it a valuable educational tool. Professionals elsewhere in primary care such as pharmacists, dentists and optometrists, and academics in medical sociology and medical anthropology will also find it very useful.
Knowledge and Rhetoric in Medical Commentary is intended for historians of medicine and interpretation, and explores the dynamic between scholastic rhetoric and medical knowledge in ancient commentaries on a Mesopotamian Diagnostic Handbook. In line with commentators’ self-fashioning as experts of diverse disciplines, commentaries display intertextuality involving a variety of lexical, astronomical, religious, magic, and literary compositions, while employing patterns of argumentation that resist categorization within any single branch of knowledge. Commentators’ choices of topics and comments, however, sought to harmonize atypical language and ideas in the Handbook with conventional ways of perceiving and describing the sick body in therapeutic recipes. Scholastic rhetoric—supposedly unfettered to any discipline—served in fact as a pretext for affirming current forms of medical knowledge.
This monograph examines truth in fiction by applying the techniques of a naturalized logic of human cognitive practices. The author structures his project around two focal questions. What would it take to write a book about truth in literary discourse with reasonable promise of getting it right? What would it take to write a book about truth in fiction as true to the facts of lived literary experience as objectivity allows? It is argued that the most semantically distinctive feature of the sentences of fiction is that they areunambiguously true and false together. It is true that Sherlock Holmes lived at 221B Baker Street and also concurrently false that he did. A second distinctive feature of fiction is that the reader at large knows of this inconsistency and isn’t in the least cognitively molested by it. Why, it is asked, would this be so? What would explain it? Two answers are developed. According to the no-contradiction thesis, the semantically tangled sentences of fiction are indeed logically inconsistent but not logically contradictory. According to the no-bother thesis, if the inconsistencies of fiction were contradictory, a properly contrived logic for the rational management of inconsistency would explain why readers at large are not thrown off cognitive stride by their embrace of those contradictions. As developed here, the account of fiction suggests the presence of an underlying three - or four-valued dialethic logic. The author shows this to be a mistaken impression. There are only two truth-values in his logic of fiction. The naturalized logic of Truth in Fiction jettisons some of the standard assumptions and analytical tools of contemporary philosophy, chiefly because the neurotypical linguistic and cognitive behaviour of humanity at large is at variance with them. Using the resources of a causal response epistemology in tandem with the naturalized logic, the theory produced here is data-driven, empirically sensitive, and open to a circumspect collaboration with the empirical sciences of language and cognition.
Music in Religious Cults of the Ancient Near East presents the first extended discussion of the relationship between music and cultic worship in ancient western Asia. The book covers ancient Israel and Judah, the Levant, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Elam, and ancient Egypt, focusing on the period from approximately 3000 BCE to around 586 BCE. This wide-ranging book brings together insights from ancient archaeological, iconographic, written, and musical sources, as well as from modern scholarship. Through careful analysis, comparison, and evaluation of those sources, the author builds a picture of a world where religious culture was predominant and where music was intrinsic to common cultic activity.
From leading researcher and bestselling author, John McLeod, this new edition of Doing Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy is a book for students and practitioners who wish to undertake a small-scale publishable research study. The focus is on research projects that are appropriate for student and practitioner researchers: qualitative interview-based research, practice-based outcome studies, case studies, and autoethnographic research. These different genres of research provide a grounding in the main approaches used in counselling and psychotherapy research. This accessible and comprehensive ′how to′ guide on conducting a successful research project in counselling and psychotherapy takes you step-by-step through the research journey: initial engagement with the idea of doing research, developing a research question, appreciating the strengths and limitations of both qualitative and quantitative methods, conducting a study, and then finally writing up the findings for potential publication. Supported by a wide range of case examples and points for reflection, as well as extensive on-line resources, this highly practical introduction to research in counselling, psychotherapy and allied disciplines is essential reading for any trainee or practitioner learning about the research process for the first time.
In this book bestselling author John McLeod examines the multiple ways in which research can be used to inform and enhance counselling practice. The author discusses how research impacts on policy and practice, covering research knowledge, values, research awareness and skills. Further chapters cover: Using research to understand the therapy process and outcomes Using research to make sense of other lives Using client feedback to enhance practice Using research to build professional networks and effective organisations. The book can be used throughout training on counselling, psychotherapy and counselling psychology courses, to support the development of professional competencies and personal development. It will also be valuable reading for both practitioners and researchers.
A sequel to the author's How to Build a Person, this work builds upon that theoretical groundwork for the implementation of rationality through artificial intelligence. It argues that progress in AI has stalled because of its creators' reliance upon unformulated intuitions about rationality. Instead, the author bases the OSCAR architecture upon an explicit philosophical theory of rationality, encompassing principles of practical cognition, epistemic cognition and defeasible reasoning. One of the results is the first automated defeasible reasoner capable of reasoning in a rich, logical environment.
Until now, research has given us only a limited understanding of how managers actually make sense of and apply management knowledge; how networks of interaction amongst managers help or hinder processes of knowledge diffusion and the sharing of best practice; and how these processes are all influenced both by the organisations in which managers act and by the professional communities of practice they belong to. Managing Modern Healthcare fills these important gaps in our understanding by drawing upon an in-depth study of management networks and practice in three healthcare organisations in the UK. It draws from the primary research a number of important and grounded lessons about how management networks develop and influence the spread of management knowledge and practice; how management training and development relates to the needs of managers facing challenging conditions; and how those conditions are themselves shaping the nature of management in healthcare. This book reveals how managers in practice are responding to the many contemporary challenges facing healthcare (and the NHS in particular) and how they are able or not to effectively exploit sources of knowledge, learning and best practice through the networks of practice they engage in to improve healthcare delivery and healthcare organisational performance. Managing Modern Healthcare makes a number of important theoretical contributions as well as practical recommendations. The theoretical and empirical contributions the book makes relate to wider work on networks and networking, management knowledge, situated learning/communities of practice, professionalization/professional identity and healthcare management more generally. The practical contribution comes in the form of recommendations for healthcare management practitioners and policy makers that are intended to impact upon and help enhance healthcare management delivery and performance.
Mesopotamian Commentaries on the Diagnostic Handbook Sa-gig is intended for specialists in cuneiform studies, and includes a cuneiform edition, English translation, and notes on medical lexicography for thirty Sa-gig commentary tablets and fragments, as well as a study on technical notations recurring in these commentaries. Within the Cuneiform Monographs series, this book represents a companion volume to Knowledge and Rhetoric in Medical Commentary (Brill, 2019).
Winner of a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title Award for 2011!This book offers an introduction to modern ideas about infinity and their implications for mathematics. It unifies ideas from set theory and mathematical logic, and traces their effects on mainstream mathematical topics of today, such as number theory and combinatorics. The treatment is h
Computational Intelligence: A Compendium presents a well structured overview about this rapidly growing field with contributions of leading experts in Computational Intelligence. The main focus of the compendium is on applied methods tired-and-proven effective to realworld problems, which is especially useful for practitioners, researchers, students and also newcomers to the field. The 25 chapters are grouped into the following themes: I. Overview and Background II. Data Preprocessing and Systems Integration III. Artificial Intelligence IV. Logic and Reasoning V. Ontology VI. Agents VII. Fuzzy Systems VIII. Artificial Neural Networks IX. Evolutionary Approaches X. DNA and Immune-based Computing.
Numbers and other mathematical objects are exceptional in having no locations in space or time or relations of cause and effect. This makes it difficult to account for the possibility of the knowledge of such objects, leading many philosophers to embrace nominalism, the doctrine that there are no such objects, and to embark on ambitious projects for interpreting mathematics so as to preserve the subject while eliminating its objects. A Subject With No Object cuts through a host of technicalities that have obscured previous discussions of these projects, and presents clear, concise accounts, with minimal prerequisites, of a dozen strategies for nominalistic interpretation of mathematics, thus equipping the reader to evaluate each and to compare different ones. The authors also offer critical discussion, rare in the literature, of the aims and claims of nominalistic interpretation, suggesting that it is significant in a very different way from that usually assumed.
The leading scholarly and theoretical approach to clinical reasoning in occupational therapy, Schell & Schell’s Clinical and Professional Reasoning in Occupational Therapy, 3rd Edition, continues a successful tradition of not only teaching occupational therapy students how practitioners think in practice, but detailing the why and how to develop effective reasoning in all phases of their careers. More practical and approachable than ever, this updated 3rd Edition incorporates a new emphasis on application and reflects the personal insights of an international team of contributors, giving emerging occupational therapists a professional advantage as they transition to professional practice.
The Old Testament was written for us, but not to us. Inviting us to leave our modern Christian preconceptions behind, John Walton contends that we will only grasp the Old Testament’s theology when we are immersed in its Ancient Near Eastern context, being guided by what the ancient authors intended as they wrote within their cognitive environment.
Philosophical Logic is a clear and concise critical survey of nonclassical logics of philosophical interest written by one of the world's leading authorities on the subject. After giving an overview of classical logic, John Burgess introduces five central branches of nonclassical logic (temporal, modal, conditional, relevantistic, and intuitionistic), focusing on the sometimes problematic relationship between formal apparatus and intuitive motivation. Requiring minimal background and arranged to make the more technical material optional, the book offers a choice between an overview and in-depth study, and it balances the philosophical and technical aspects of the subject. The book emphasizes the relationship between models and the traditional goal of logic, the evaluation of arguments, and critically examines apparatus and assumptions that often are taken for granted. Philosophical Logic provides an unusually thorough treatment of conditional logic, unifying probabilistic and model-theoretic approaches. It underscores the variety of approaches that have been taken to relevantistic and related logics, and it stresses the problem of connecting formal systems to the motivating ideas behind intuitionistic mathematics. Each chapter ends with a brief guide to further reading. Philosophical Logic addresses students new to logic, philosophers working in other areas, and specialists in logic, providing both a sophisticated introduction and a new synthesis.
Palestinian Resistance: Organization of a Nationalist Movement presents the Palestinian conflict as a consequence of the emergence of Arab and Jewish nationalism in the 19th century. This book discusses the variables that intersect to produce Resistance politics. Organized into 11 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the increasing threat to international stability of Middle Eastern conflicts in terms of global impact and military destructiveness. This text then examines the emergence of Palestinian nationalism that is connected with the appearance and growth of the Palestinian Resistance Movement. Other chapters consider the more complex relationships that developed over time between the various guerilla groups and established Arab governments. This book discusses as well the importance of the ANM in providing an infrastructure of political and logistic support that extend throughout the Arab world. The final chapter deals with the concept of protracted social conflict. This book is a valuable resource for politicians, teachers, and students.
Improvement in healthcare has not delivered on its promise, outside of a few examples. This is because it has not sufficiently been linked to resources - thus argues this book. Value improvement focuses on changes which raise quality and lower costs. This is effective because it unites professions, patients, payers and purchasers in a common cause and uses tested solutions and methods. Value improvement works with the realities of resources and politics, and with knowledge of what is effective in different situations. The purpose of healthcare is to reduce avoidable suffering. This includes the suffering unknowingly caused by a service, when we do not use an effective treatment or make an error. These events are also waste, and they have a financial cost. The good news is that we now have more knowledge about these adverse or subA-optimal events, and about effective solutions. We now know these organisational events are not inevitable and we can prevent them. We are also beginning to discover that many, if prevented, will reduce the costs of healthcare. Improving diagnosis and prescribing reduces both avoidable sufferA- ing and higher costs, as do hygiene strategies and changes to ensure professionals pass on correct information about patients to the next caregiver. We are entering an exciting time in healthcare, equivalent to earA- lier periods of medical discoveries. The discoveries of improvement and implementation science in organisations are now being linked to the discoveries about the costs and savings of quality and safety changes. This knowledge is beginning to be used by clinicians, manA-agement and purchasers, and alliances are forming to bring in a new era of quality and safety improvement. The aim of this book is to show how ordinary leaders can comA-bine improvement knowledge with resource knowledge to reduce suffering and the costs of healthcare. It does not assume good inforA-mation technology or special resources to help improvement. It recA-ognises that our colleagues may not want to spend time on this work, and often do not do what they are asked to do. It recognises some improvements are not value improvements: they do not add value for patients and reduce costs. Where improvements do both, we may find that the financing system penalises the provider for making the change, or we cannot covert the saved resources into lower costs or higher income. Thus, it is also about both short A-term and long A-term value improvements. It is about how managers and other leaders find and awaken energy in themselves to make improvement, and bring this energy to life in the people they work with. How we channel this energy in effective ways and enable others to make improvement. It is about tomorrow, and next week and about where the real innovation, creativity and inspiration happens: in the routine but changing, short A-staffed, semiA- chaos of most health services. We are not powerless and can choose not to accept failings of the health system as being outside of our influence. A few others have shown what can be achieved when we join in a common cause and use these effective methods. The challenge is for us is to do this in our local service and to connect our services.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AI'97, held in Perth, Australia, in November/December 1997. The volume presents 48 revised full papers selected from a total of 143 submissions. Also included are three keynote talks and one invited paper. The book is divided into topical sections on constraint satisfaction and scheduling, computer vision, distributed AI, evolutionary computing, knowledge-based systems, knowledge representation and reasoning, learning and machine vision, machine learning, NLP and user modeling, neural networks, robotics and machine recognition, and temporal qualitative reasoning.
This unique book presents in a single collection around 50 essays by Dr Launer on reflective practice in medicine, including examples specific to medical education and multiprofessional healthcare. Based on existing contributions to the literature by Dr Launer, the book brings them together in updated form for the first time as a themed collection with an introduction linking the different topics addressed. Coverage includes communication skills, supervision, teamwork and organisational health. In a time of unprecedented demand on healthcare services, educators and practitioners, Dr Launer offers invaluable guidance to a broad audience including community-based GPs, practice nurses and nurse practitioners, pharmacists, physician assistants and paramedics, secondary care staff including consultants and registrars across all specialties, communications skills educators, counsellors and mental health professionals, and health service managers and administrators.
Investigation of the functional architecture of the human brain using modern noninvasive imaging techniques is a rapidly expanding area of research. A proper knowledge of methodology is needed to appreciate the burgeoning literature in the field. This timely publication provides an excellent catalogue of the main techniques. The authors offer an invaluable analysis of mapping strategies and techniques, providing everything from the foundations to the major pitfalls and practical applications of the modern techniques used in neuroimaging. Contains over 1000 full color pages with more than 200 color figures. Spanning the methodological gamut from the molecular level to the whole brain while discussing anatomy, physiology, and pathology, as well as their integration, Brain Mapping: The Methods, Second Edition, brings the reader a comprehensive, well-illustrated and entirely readable description of the methods for brain mapping. Drs. Toga and Mazziotta provide everything from the foundations to the major pitfalls and practical applications of the technique by assembling an impressive group of experts, all widely known in their field, who contribute an outstanding set of chapters.
In a world plagued by conflict one might expect that the exact sciences of logic and mathematics would provide a safe harbor. In fact these disciplines are rife with internal divisions between different, often incompatible systems. This original book explores apparently intractable disagreements in logic and the foundations of mathematics and sets out conflict resolution strategies that evade these stalemates. This book makes an important contribution to such areas of philosophy as logic, philosophy of language and argumentation theory. It will also be of interest to mathematicians and computer scientists.
A history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians from the perspective of international law that examines the extent to which legitimate interests remain to be fulfilled.
Revised and updated to reflect recent theoretical developments in the field, Semantics, 4th Edition, presents an engaging and accessible introduction to the study of meaning in language for students new to the field of semantics. Covers all of the basic concepts and methods of the field of semantics, as well as some of the most important contemporary lines of research Features a series of new exercises, along with their solutions, that are arranged by level of difficulty Addresses componential theory, formal semantics, and cognitive semantics, the three main current theoretical approaches to semantics Includes revisions and updates that reflect the most recent theoretical developments
The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication: Integrating Theory, Research, and Practice is the first resource to synthesize key theories, research, and practices of conflict communication in a variety of contexts. Editors John Oetzel and Stella Ting-Toomey, as well as expert researchers in the field, emphasize constructive conflict management from a communication perspective which places primacy in the message as the focus of conflict research and practice.
“We frequently see one idea appear in one discipline as if it were new, when it migrated from another discipline, like a mole that had dug under a fence and popped up on the other side.” Taking note of this phenomenon, John Goldsmith and Bernard Laks embark on a uniquely interdisciplinary history of the genesis of linguistics, from nineteenth-century currents of thought in the mind sciences through to the origins of structuralism and the ruptures, both political and intellectual, in the years leading up to World War II. Seeking to explain where contemporary ideas in linguistics come from and how they have been justified, Battle in the Mind Fields investigates the porous interplay of concepts between psychology, philosophy, mathematical logic, and linguistics. Goldsmith and Laks trace theories of thought, self-consciousness, and language from the machine age obsession with mind and matter to the development of analytic philosophy, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, positivism, and structural linguistics, emphasizing throughout the synthesis and continuity that has brought about progress in our understanding of the human mind. Arguing that it is impossible to understand the history of any of these fields in isolation, Goldsmith and Laks suggest that the ruptures between them arose chiefly from social and institutional circumstances rather than a fundamental disparity of ideas.
This is a concise introduction to current philosophical debates about truth. Combining philosophical and technical material, the book is organized around, but not limited to, the view known as deflationism. In clear language, Burgess and Burgess cover a wide range of issues, including the nature of truth, the status of truth-value gaps, the relationship between truth and meaning, relativism and pluralism about truth, and semantic paradoxes from Alfred Tarski to Saul Kripke and beyond. The book provides a rich picture of contemporary philosophical theorizing about truth, one that will be essential reading for philosophy students as well as philosophers specializing in other areas.
Part of the best-selling Operative Techniques series, Operative Techniques in Plastic Surgery provides superbly illustrated, authoritative guidance on operative techniques along with a thorough understanding of how to select the best procedure, how to avoid complications and what outcomes to expect. This stand-alone book offers focused, easy-to-follow coverage of injuries and diseases afflicting the craniofacial region, all taken directly from the larger text. It covers nearly all plastic surgery operations for this area that are in current use, and is ideal for residents and physicians in daily practice.
Over the past several decades, the number of lawyers in large cities has doubled, women have entered the bar at an unprecedented rate, and the scale of firms has greatly expanded. This immense growth has transformed the nature and social structure of the legal profession. In the most comprehensive analysis of the urban bar to date, Urban Lawyers presents a compelling portrait of how these changes continue to shape the field of law today. Drawing on extensive interviews with Chicago lawyers, the authors demonstrate how developments in the profession have affected virtually every aspect of the work and careers of urban lawyers-their relationships with clients, job tenure and satisfaction, income, social and political values, networks of professional connections, and patterns of participation in the broader community. Yet despite the dramatic changes, much remains the same. Stratification of income and power based on gender, race, and religious background, for instance, still maintains inequality within the bar. The authors of Urban Lawyers conclude that organizational priorities will likely determine the future direction of the legal profession. And with this landmark study as their guide, readers will be able to make their own informed predictions.
Those at the grassroots of primary care have been provided with a unique opportunity to plan and shape the modern NHS. This book describes the work of primary care groups in their first months and describes everything from the initial aims of PCGs through to primary care trusts and the future. The excellent panel of contributors who are practised members of PCGs describe their experiences and the lessons they have learnt. The book explores how organisations will evolve and provides guidance on theory people and functions. It is essential reading for members of PCG teams and those with or aspiring to PCT status.
This book argues that major patterns of variation across languages are structured by general principles of efficiency in language use and communication, an approach that has far-reaching theoretical consequences for issues such as ease of processing, language universals, complexity, and competing and cooperating principles.
The Chilton Conference on Inositol and Phosphoinositides, held on January 9-11, 1984 at Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas, was the third in a series of conferences on cyclitols and phosphoinositides. The first took place in 1968 in New York [Ann. New York Acad. Sci. (1969), 765,508-819] and the second was held in 1977 in East Lansing, Michigan [eyclitols and Phosphoinositides, Wells, W. W. and Eisenberg, F. , eds. , (1978) Academic press, New York, pp. 1-607. ] In the interim since the previous conference, not only has the pace of research in the field accelerated markedly, but the physiological importance of phosphoinositide metabolism has become apparent to an increasing number of investigators from diverse fields in the life sciences. Thus it seemed to us timely for both recent and established workers in this area, as well as others whose interests impinged on it, to meet in order to disseminate new information, to review, and perhaps arrive at, a consensus of our current understanding of the role of inositol and phosphoinositides, and to establish new directions for research for the next few years. The expansion of the field since the last meeting made it mandatory to restrict the scope of the topics covered at the conference, primarily to aspects dealing with mammalian systems. We sincerely regretted the exclusion of recent research on cyclitols and phosphoinositides in microbes and plants and hope that these areas will be included in future conferences.
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